The Ethical Treatment of Animals Essay Example for Free

The Ethical Treatment of Animals EssayUtilitarianism values equality of entirely arouse parties. It is on the principle that when making a decision, thorough consideration on the consequent cost and benefit must be made, and it is on the basis of impartial consideration of all related interest parties that the final decision should be made. Rights-based ethics, however, value the right of individuals. It is more like individualism. It is on the principle that when making a decision, whether the right of individuals or groups will be upheld or violated should be evaluated, and it is on the basis of the benefit maximization of certain individuals or groups that the final decision should be made. The major conflict amid utilitarian and rights-based clean-living cerebrate lies in the conflict between the right of unrivalled party and the whole party. Utilitarian accepts and sometimes requires the sacrifice of the right of one individual or a small group for the well being of a bigger group. This is absolutely an absurd decision in rights-based moral reasoning.For example, in the spelunking case, a utilitarian would detonate the dynamite to save 19 lives at the sacrifice of the one stuck in the hole, while the decision made on rights-based moral reasoning will be not to detonate the dynamite. This is because according to utilitarianism the benefit of detonating the dynamite is way too higher than the cost, while in rights-based moral reasoning by detonating the dynamite the right of the one who got stuck will be violated. In my opinion, the crime of killing fighting dogs is acceptable in right-based moral reasoning except is unacceptable in Utilitarianism. According to the utilitarian moral reasoning, the sacrifice of the interest of a smaller group is acceptable for the good of a bigger group. However, in this case, if dogs count as one group, the sacrifice of the poorly performing dogs is no necessary requirement of the survival of other fighting dogs, nor of the livelihood of any tender-hearted group. If they do not count as one group, the people who love dogs must count, the behavior of killing dogs would hurt their feelings, so when impartial consideration of all related interest parties is made, the cost of letting these dogs live must be less than the benefit.Therefore, the behavior of killing dogs is against the Utilitarianism values. Rights-based ethics, nevertheless, defends the right of any individual or group, and theduty is not taken into consideration. Just like the defenders said, the dogs are Vicks property, and he can do what he like to them, despite the situation that he also has the duty to take good care of them. Even though there is no doubt the right to live is one of the around fundamental rights of any creature, the right-based moral reasoning are for the right of human, dogs, sadly, are not included. So when this right-based moral system is at work, any kind of inclination of ones property is acceptable . That is why I say the crime of Vick the crime of killing fighting dogs is acceptable in right-based moral reasoning merely is unacceptable in Utilitarianism.

Galatians Essay Example for Free

Galatians Es asseverateBecause I obligent read the whole book read Gorman Galatians Ch9 is at first a bit confusing. However, I must say that the reading is very easy to read and easy to understand. Gorman used very candid terms and easy English for his reader to read and understand.Basic everyy in this short chapter Gorman try to exegesis the whole book of Galatians in his own understanding and research. Ive founded that there are lacks of evidence of resources, as in not much of references quote in this chapter, Gorman strong sources for his argument in this chapter would be the book Galatians itself, he kept referring stomach to Galatians and because of that the arguments seemed to be persuasive but at the same time lacks of backing up from others. Many of Gorman explanations in this epistle were unjustified, for example the dating of the letter and I quote on page187 although no firm conclusion is possible within the range of years 49-55, the most likely date, in this wr iters estimations is 50-55, properly from Ephesus It would be more convincing if Gorman could give us more evidence about the date and place of written. Over all the exegesis of the entire Galatians in this chapter was not that of rigorous at all.Gorman definitely give us a clear view on Pauls message to the Galatians. Anyone who read this chapter willing surely get a clear understanding of the gospel, not only to the Galatians but as well for the churches today as well. Gorman ended the chapter well with the 10 questions for reflection, these 10 reflections questions are the issue that we are facing right now as a contemporary Christians, especially question 10, and I would like to end this polish up with the same question In sum, what does this letter urge the church to believe, to hope for, and to do?Second critical review is on an article by Martinus C. de Boer, entitle Galatians A Commentary from week 4 reading.To be honest I find this reading is a bit lengthy, especially t he entire article is focalise on the exegesis of only 6 verses. Having say that Martinus taking the time out to clearly explained the conflict between Paul and Cephas in Antioch over the issue of The truth of the Gospel. I concordd with Martinus that this is not only important for Paul and the Christians in the 1st century but also to all of us today, we rum to understand the message of the truth of the gospel (25, 14).Because this is a commentary, it is clear evidence that the Martinus gave a wide range of evidence to his arguments. I also have to say that the exegesis in this article is precised, however, if it is to focus on the truth gospel of Christ, I feel that Martinus could have mention more of Paul other letters to back up the topic of the true gospel, instead of a very long exegesis around the confrontation of Paul and Cephas, I would have looked at Paul spiritual rebirth passage to prove more of Paul conviction for his true gospel.Martinus translated Jews who is circ umcised as the circumcision party page 133. Im not sure if I would agree with Martinus here, because lacks of evidence in this statement made by Martinus, Im not sure if this is a political view or is it direct reading from its original text?Over all from reading this article, apart from the fact that it is a long article, Ive founded that it is very helpful for churches today to see the diachronic of Pauls letter through Martinus book. Definitely an issue arises for the use of the Bible today in our own context, for example Paul and Peter relationship. pile two Christians have disagreements that eventually lead them to different road?The final reading is from Charles H. Cosgrove The Cross and The Spirit chapter 3 The Logic of the Opposing Theology.Over all I find that this is a really hard piece to read, the precise and information was great, however, I feel that there are some stuffs that he could have leave out, and that he doesnt have to go into details as such, for example C osgrove goes on and talk about the Torah is for Life on page 90 and from there on, Ive noticed that he kept going back to the Torah for his arguments throughout the rest of the chapter.Cosgrove make it clear to his readers about Paul wanting to turncock us about life in crucified Jesus. Nothing important to Paul than that we have life in Jesus. Cosgrove shared some light about the Christian Jews that are actually after Paul and not the Romans, and this is consistent with what Ive learned in the unit and also other theologians.Later in the chapter Cosgrove also pin point the agitators and one again its consistent with the unit teaching and also others theologians, example Barclay who concluded in his book that Agitators were Christian Jews likely from Jerusalem. Mark D Nanos also suggested the same thing, so over all Cosgrove argument was very persuasive and clear evidence of a large selective of different sources. Finally, Cosgrove really trying hard to explain to his reader the o pposing theology between Paul and everyone who are at the Galatians, this would certainly help us today as we read Galatians with a more clear picture of its context and understanding of where Paul and the others are coming from.

Protection Against Cyber Attacks

Protection Against Cyber AttacksJoshua SmealHeres something to think about. It is reported that roughly 80 one thousand million to 90 million cyber-attacks occur each year, which breaks down to about 400 new attacks every single minute. The sad part of that statistic? Over 70% of these occur attacks go unnoticed People dont quite understand the risks that come along with using a computer in their daily lives. There be a lot of people that do use security measures to safely browse the internet, download file aways from the internet, etc. Although many people are safe, there are the a few(prenominal) that do not use any precautions or countermeasures and inevitably f all told into a trap and end up losing personal information, money, or worst casing even their identity. It is important to know what Cyber Security is in a general perspective, the different kinds of attacks that are out there, and the best ways to secure yourself as thoroughly as others from the risks they encount er daily when using computers.To elaborate on the meaning of Cyber Security, It is in broad terms the security of the cyberspace. Cyberspace and its underlying infrastructure are vulnerable to a wide range of risk stemming from both physical cyber threats and hazards. Cyberspace is particularly difficult to secure due to a number of factions including the qualification for malicious operators to operate anywhere in the world. What exactly is a cyber-attack? A cyber-attack is a deliberate exploitation of computer systems, technology-dependent enterprises or networks. Cyber-attacks use malicious ignoreon to change the code, resulting in disruptive actions that whitethorn compromise information and allow for a crime to begin. This oftentimes happens when a person will be downloading what looks to be an anti-virus program to get rid of a virus or malware he/she thinks they may have because their computer is very slow. Once that program is running it may allow for all the data on the computer to be compromised. Once that data is compromised it will allow for a crime to be committed and it turns into a cyber-attack.To go into more detail about a cyber-attack, there are many, many different types of cyber attacks. One of the most common cyber-attacks is malware, which can be explained as malicious code that has a malicious intent which is often utilize to destroy something or used to steal personal information such as a persons credit card information or social security number. Another type of attack is a virus, which is used to make a PC sick which then hides within the computer file system. They can replicate themselves by attaching to other programs and or files. Theyre usually used to slow down computers to the occlusive of no recovery and the user can no longer use the computer properly anymore. Spyware is another type of attack and is used to spy on its victim. These types of attacks usually hide, as a spy would do in real life. They can log a victims act ions, and are capable of recording keystrokes, which means they can see passwords that the victim types into the computer through the keyboard. Similar to a virus, is a worm. It replicates itself but unlike a virus doesnt need to attach to a file and or program. Worms can live by themselves and can replicate across different computers or networks, such as a school network, computer to computer. On the other hand, there are password attacks focused on a different goal, to gain access to a secured system such as a database or admin account. The first method and most commonly used is a brute-force. This method is used to crack a password. Brute force is using all possible combos of letters, numbers, and symbols to enter a correct password. Another type of password attack is a dictionary attack, which is when an attacker uses a dictionary to crack a password. The most essentials words in the dictionary are used to guess the password of a users account. The last type of attack is to deny the service person is using or currently owns. It is most commonly known as a DOS attack, or a denial of service attack. This is a peculiar(prenominal) form of attack to interrupt a network service which is able to be achieved by sending high volumes of packets, or traffic through the orient until slowed down or stopped completely. There are much more that are not listed, but these are the most commonly known and used types of attacks used by cyber criminals.Additionally, everyone should know how to protect themselves from the different types of attacks listed above and know how to be safe when using computers in their everyday lives. People should not penetrate unknown links in their emails, if it were to be legit you should be able to go to a website that it came from and verify that it is legit. Another safety whirl includes not downloading attachments in emails legitimate from retailers. Typically retailers do not include attachments, and if there is any doubt that it is not real you should call the company first. A big safety tip is Do not give out personal information over phone or computer. Social Engineering is a process used to craft people into doing something they would not normally do such as updating their password on a website or giving a security captain their passwords to make sure theyre account is not in harms way. Some basic safety guidelines are as follows Set secure passwords, keep everything up to date, kick in close attentions to URLs, be suspicious of any clickable links, and verify everything possible. Now for the more technical part, this would include having a great antivirus program. Antivirus programs usually well take wish well of virus quickly and efficiently. Although people can get antivirus programs, there are new viruss made daily and are not updated within the system instantly which are defined as rogue viruses which even the best scanners cant find them. A rogue virus is defined as an infection where it displays itself on the PC screen, pretending to be a virus cleaner, registry cleaner, or hard drive optimization tool. They can scare you into purchasing something to remove spurt viruses or say your computer is in poor condition.

Privacy Preserving Data Mining in Partitioned Databases

silence Preserving Data archeological site in Partitioned DatabasesA survey Privacy preserving info mine in horizont every(prenominal)(prenominal)y partitioned selective informationbasesKomal Kapadia, Ms.Raksha Chauhan_______________________________________________________________________________________________________Abstract Privacy preserving data excavation techniques are introduced with the aim of extract the relevant knowledge from the large occur of data while protecting the sensible information at the same time. The success of data excavation relies on the availability of high quality data. To tick quality of data mining, effective information sharing between organizations becomes a vital requirement in todays society. Privacy preserving data mining deals with hiding an individuals sensitive identity without sacrificing the usability of data. Whenever we are concerning with data mining, Security is measure issue while extracting data. Privacy Preserving Data Minin g concerns with the protective covering of data and provide the data on demand as well as amount of data that is required.Index Terms data mining, secretiveness preserving, error correction code steganography, randomized rejoinder technique._______________________________________________________________________________________________INTRODUCTIONData mining techniques have been spaciously utilise in some(prenominal) areas especially for strategic decision making. The main bane of data mining is to protective covering and screen of data residing in large data stores. Some of the information considered as reclusive and secret can be bought out with advanced data mining tools. Different research efforts are under way to address this problem of privacy preserving and preserving security. The privacy term has wide range of different meanings. For example, in the context of the health insurance accountability and portability act privacy rule, privacy means the individuals abil ity to take care who has the access to personal health care information. In organization, privacy means that it involves the definition of policies stating which information is collected, how it is used, how customers are involved and informed in this process. We can considering privacy as Individuals desire and ability to keep certain information about themselves hidden from some others. Privacy preserving data mining refers to the area of data mining that seeks to safeguard sensitive information from unsolicited disclosure. Historically, issues related to PPDM were first studied by the national statistical agencies interested in collecting cliquish social and economical data, such as census and tax records, and making it available for analysis by public servants, companies, and researchers. Building accurate socio-economical stylishels is vital for headache planning and public policy. Yet, t here(predicate) is no way of knowing in advance what models may be needed, nor is it f easible for the statistical agency to perform all data processing for everyone, playing the role of a trusted third political party. Instead, the agency provides the data in a sanitized form that allows statistical processing and protects the privacy of individual records, solving a problem known as privacy preserving data publishing. There are many methods for preserving the privacy. In this surevey many methods try to compute the answer to the mining without revealing any additional information about user privacy.Progress in scientific research depends on the sharing and availability of information and ideas. But the researchers are mainly focusing on preserving the security or privacy of individuals. This issue leads to an emerging research area, privacy preserving data mining. For privacy preserving data mining, many authors proposed many technologies. The main aim of this paper is, to develop efficient methodology to find privacy preserving.LITERATURE bailiwickWe have studied some of the related work for the privacy preserving in horizontally partitioned databases. Existing work for privacy preserving in horizonatally partitioned database has different types of techniques.TYPES OF PRIVACY PRESERVING TECHNIQUES cheat honest partyWithout trusted partyWith trusted partyIn without trusted party to each one party leave calculate their own partial tone support and add their own random second and sends the result to the next party in the ring so that the other party will never know the result of others and in at last the initiator party will tell the result that is global support.In trusted party each party will calculate their partial support and send to the trusted party and add the own random number and send to the next coming post in the ring so that other party will never know the result of other parties after that trusted party will disclose the result and send to all puts that presents in the ring.Fig. 1 Framework of privacy preserving data minin g5SECURE MULTIPARTY COMMUNICATIONApproximately all Privacy Preserving data mining techniques rely on Secure multi party communication communications protocol. Secure multi party communication is defined as a computation protocol at the last part of which no party involved knows anything else except its own inputs the outcome, i.e. the view of each party during the execution can be effectively simulated by the input and output of the party. Secure multi party communication has commonly concentrated on two models of security. The semi-honest model as addes that every party follows the rule of the protocol, but is exempt to later use what it sees during execution of the protocol. The malicious model assumes that parties can arbitrarily cheat and such cheating will not compromise moreover security or the outcome, i.e. the results from the malicious party will be correct or the malicious party will be detected. Most of the Privacy Preserving data mining techniques assume an intermediate model, Preserving Privacy with non-colluding parties. A malicious party May dishonest the results, but will not be able to learn the private data of other parties without colluding with another party.(1)MHS algorithmic program FOR HORIZONTALLY PARTITION DATABASEM. Hussein et al.s Scheme (MHS) was introduced to improve privacy or security and try to castrate communication cost on increasing number of sites. Behind this main idea was to use effective cryptosystem and rearrange the communication path. For this, two sites were discovered. This algorithm whole shebang with minimum 3 sites. One site acts as Data Mining Initiator and other site as a Data Mining Combiner. Rests of other sites were called client sites. This scenario was able to decrease communication time. Fig. shows MHS algorithm.The working of the algorithm is as followsThe initiator generates RSA public key and a private key. It sends the public key to combiner and all other client sites.2. Each site, except initiator computes frequent item sterilise and local support for each frequent itemset using Local Data Mining .3. all Client sites encrypt their computed data using public key and send it to the combiner.4. The combiner merges the received data with its own encrypted data, encrypts it again and sends it to initiator to find global link rules.5. Initiator decrypts the received data using the private key. Then it merges its own local data mining data and computes to find global results.6. Finally, it finds global stand rules and sends it to all other sites.Fig.2 MHS algorithm11(2) EMHS ALGORITHM FOR HORIZONTALLY PARTITION DATABASEEnhanced M. Hussein et al.s Scheme (EMHS) was introduced to improve privacy and reduce communication cost on increasing number of sites. This algorithm also works with minimum 3 sites. One site acts as Data Mining Initiator and other site as a Data Mining Combiner. Rests of other sites were called client sites . But this algorithm works on the concept of MFI (Maxim al patronage Itemset) instead of Frequent Itemset.a) MFI (Maximal Frequent Itemset) A Frequent Itemset which is not a subset of any other frequent itemset is called MFI. By using MFI, communication cost is reduced .b) RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman) Algorithm one of the widely used public key cryptosystem. It is based on keeping factoring product of two large prime numbers secret. Breaking RSA encryption is tough.(3)MODIFIED EMHS ALGORITHM FOR HORIZONTALLY PARTIOTION DATABASEIn this technique, they used modified EMHS algorithm for improving its efficiency by using Elliptic curve cryptography. Here Elgamal cryptography technique is used which is of ECC for homomorphic encryption.ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOGRAPHYElliptic curve cryptography provides public cryptosystem based on the descrete logarithm problem over integer modulo a prime. Elliptic curve cryptosystem requires much shorter key length to provide a security level same as RSA with larger key length. In this elgamal cryptography is used.ELGAMAL CRYPTOGRAPHYa)A wishes to exchange message M with B9.b) B first chooses Prime Number p, Generator g and private key x.c)B computes its Public Key Y = gx mod p and sends it to A.d) Now A chooses a random number k.e) A calculates one time key K = Yk mod p.f) A calculates C1 = gk mod p and C2 = M*K mod p and sends (C1,C2) to B.g) B calculates K = C1x mod ph) B calculates K-1 = inverse of K mod p i)B recovers M = K-1 * C2 mod pj) Thus, Message M is exchanged between A and B securely.In this system, Elgamal cryptography paillier cryptosystem is used. Here, Elgamal cryptography is used for security purpose. Compared to EMHS algorithm here performance is better in terms of computation time.RANDOMIZED RESPONSE TECHNIQUEIn this technique, here mainly focused on CK secure sum in randomized response technique for privacy preserving. Here, the multi party transaction data who discover frequent item sets with minimum support.In the randomized response technique, consider the data s ets I = I1, I2, I3In and the random number or noise part are denoted by R= R1, R2, R3 Rn, the new set of records are denoted by I1+R1, I2+R2 .In+Rn and after that take a partial support Pij = Pi1, Pi2..Pin so that partial support isP ij=I+R10I=Pij-R10In Randomized response secure sum technique, secure sum each site will determine their own data value and send to forerunner site that near to original site and this goes on till the original site collects all the value of data after that the parent site will determine the global support.CK SECURE SUM ALGORITHM10Step1-Consider parties P1, P2, P3Pn.Step2-Each party will generate their own random number R1, R2.RNStep3-Connect the parties in the ring (P1, P2, P3PN) and let P1 is aprotocol initiator.Step4-Let RC=N, and Pij=0 (RC is round counter and Pij is partial support)Step5-Partial support P1 site calculating by using following formulaPsij = Xij.support Min support * DB + RN1 RNnStep6-Site P2 computes the PSj for each item received t he list using theList using the formula,PSij= PSij + Xij. Support minimum support * DB +Rn1-Rn (i-1)Step7-While RC =0 begin for j=1 to N dobegin for I=1 to N doStep8-P1 exchange its position to P (j+1) mod N andRC=RC-1endStep9-Party P1 allowance the result PijStep10-EndIn ck secure sum technique, mainly focused on for computing global support within a scenario of homogeneous database and provides the high security to the database and hacking of data is zero. expirationIn this paper we reviewed five privacy preserving technique in horizontally partitioned database. In MHS algorithm RSA cryptography is used. In EMHS algorithm, by using MFI approach trueness is high compared to MHS. Modified EMHS algorithm used elgamal technique so privacy is high than EMHS technique. Randomized response technique provides high security to the database compared to other techniques. In future we can compute less number of rounds instead of n number of rounds. Here , we can use encryption technique for encrypting random number and sends it to the predecessor.REFERENCES1 Neelamadhab Padhy, Dr. Pragnyaban Mishra Rasmita Panigrahi. The Survey of Data Mining Applications and Feature Scope. 2012 IJCSEIT.2 Xinjun qi, Mingkui zong. An overview of privacy preserving data mining. 2011 ICESE.3 Kishori pawar, Y.B. gurav. Overview of privacy in horizontally distributed databases. 2014 IJIRAE.4 Manish Sharma, Atul chaudhary , Manish mathuria Shalini chaudhary. A review study on the privacy preserving data mining techniques and approaches.. 2013 IJCST.5 Shweta taneja, shashank khanna, sugandha tilwalia, ankita. A review on privacy preserving data mining techniques and research challenges. 2014 IJCSIT.6 Jayanti dansana, Raghvendra kumar Jyotirmayee rautaray. Techniques for privacy preserving association rule mining in distributed database. 2012 IJCSITS.7 Xuan canh nguyen, Tung anh cao. An heighten scheme for privacy preserving association rules minig on horizonatally distributed databases. 2 012 IEEE.8 Manish Sharma, Atul chaudhary, Manish mathuria, Shalini chaudhary Santosh kumar. An efficient approach for privacy preserving in data mining. 2014 IEEE.9 Rachit v. Adhvaryu, Nikunj h. Domadiya. Privacy preserving in association rule mining on horizontally partitioned database. 2014 IJARCET.10 Jayanti Dansana , Raghvendra Kumar , Debadutta Dey. Privacy preservation in horizontally partitioned databases using randomized response technique. 2013 IEEE.11 Rachit v. Adhvaryu, Nikunj h. Domadiya, Research Trends in Privacy Preserving in Association Rule Mining (PPARM) On Horizontally Partitioned Database. 2014 IJEDR.12 Agrawal D. Aggarwal C. C. On the Design and Quantification of Privacy-Preserving Data Mining Algorithms.ACM PODS Conference, 2002.13 D.W.Cheung,etal.,Ecient Mining of Association Rules in Distributed Databases, IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Eng., vol. 8, no. 6, 1996,pp.911-922.

Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Activity Biology Essay

Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Activity Biology EssayWhere A518 potency is the absorbance of DPPH radical+ methanol A518 sample is the absorbance of DPPH radical + extract or compound / ideal.Superoxide anion radical scavenging legal actionSuperoxide radical (O2-) was generated from the photoreduction of riboflavin and was deducted by nitro lamentable tetrazolium dye (NBT) reduction order. Measurement of superoxide anion scavenging activity was performed ground on the method described by Winterbourne et al 186. The assay mixture contained sample with 0.1ml of Nitro dingy tetrazolium (1.5 mM NBT) solution, 0.2 ml of EDTA (0.1M EDTA), 0.05 ml riboflavin (0.12 mM) and 2.55 ml of phosphate buffer (0.067 M phosphate buffer). The control tubes were also set up where in DMSO was added or else of sample. The reaction mixture was illuminated for 30 min and the absorbance at 560 nm was measurable against the control samples. Quercetin was used as the reference compound. All the t ests were performed in triplicate and the results averaged. The percentage inhibition was calculated by comparing the results of control and test samples.Total antioxidant activity (Phosphomolybdic acid method)187The antioxidant activity of the sample was evaluated by the transformation of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) to form phosphomolybdenum complex. An aliquot of 0.4 ml of sample solution was combined in a vial with 4 ml of reagent solution (0.6 M sulphuric acid, 28 mM sodium phosphate and 4 mM ammonium molybdate). The vials were capped and incubated in a water bath at 950C for 90 min. aft(prenominal) the samples had cooled to room temperature, the absorbance of the mixture was metric at 695 nm against a blank. The antioxidant activity was expresses relative to that of ascorbic acid.Determination of Hydroxyl radical scavenging activityThis was assayed as described by Elizabeth and Rao.188 The assay is based on quantification of degradation product of 2-deoxy ribose by condensation with TB A. Hydroxyl radical was generated by the Fe3+ -Ascorbate -EDTA -H2O2 system (Fenton reaction). The reaction mixture contained 0.1 ml deoxyribose (2.8mM),0.1 ml EDTA (0.1 mM), 0.1 ml H2O2 (1mM), 0.1 ml Ascorbate (0.1mM), 0.1 ml KH2PO4-KOH buffer, pH 7.4 (20mM) and various concentrations of plant extract in a final volume of 1 ml. The reaction mixture was incubated for 1 hour at 370 C. Deoxyribose degradation was measured as TBARS and the percentage inhibition was calculated.Determination of Nitric oxide radical scavenging activityNitric oxide generated from sodium nitroprusside in sedimentary solution at physiological pH interacts with oxygen to produce nitrite ions, which were measured by the method of Garrat.189 The reaction mixture (3ml) containing 2 ml of sodium nitroprusside (10mM), 0.5 ml of phosphate buffer saline (1M) were incubated at 250C for 150 mins. After incubation, 0.5 ml of the reaction mixture containing nitrite was pipetted and mixed with 1 ml of sulphanilic acid r eagent (0.33%) and allowed to stand for 5 min for completing diazotization. Then 1 ml of naphthylethylene diamine dihydrochloride (1% NEDA) was added, mixed and allowed to stand for 30 mins. Sodium nitroprusside in aqueous solution at physiological pH spontaneously generates nitric oxide, which interacts with oxygen to produce nitrite ions which can be estimated by the use of Griess Illosvery reaction at 540 nm.FRAP assayA modified method of Benzie and Strain 190 was adopted for the FRAP assay. The stock solutions included 300 mM acetate buffer, pH 3.6, 10 mM TPTZ (2, 4, 6-tripyridyl-S-triazine) solution in 40 mMHCl and 20 mMFecl3. 6H2O. The fresh working solution was prepared by mixing 25 ml acetate buffer, 2.5 ml TPTZ and 2.5 ml Fecl3 .6H2O. The temperature of the solution was raised to 370 C before using. Plant extracts (0.15 ml) were allowed to react with 2.85 ml of FRAP solution for 30 min in the dark condition. Readings of the colored product (Ferrous tripyridyltriazine comple x) were taken at 593 nm. The standard curve was linear between 200 and 1000 M Feso4. Results are expressed in M (Fe (II) /g dry mass and compared with that of ascorbic acid.Iron chelating activityThe method of Benzie and strain190 was adopted for the assay. The principle is based on the formation of O-Phenanthroline-Fe2+ complex and its disruption in the presence of chelating agents. The reaction mixture containing 1 ml of 0.05% O-Phenanthroline in methanol, 2 ml ferric chloride (200M) and 2 ml of various concentrations ranging from 10 to 1000g was incubated at room temperature for 10 min and the absorbance of the same was measured at 510 nm. EDTA was used as a classical metal chelator. The experiment was performed in triplicates.Estimation of total phenolThe measurement of total phenol is based on Mallick and Singh.191 To 0.25g of sample, added 2.5 ml of ethanol and centrifuged at 2oC for 10 mins. The supernatant was preserved. Then, the sample was re-extracted with 2.5 ml of 80% e thanol and centrifuged. The pooled supernatant was evaporated to dryness. Then, added 3 ml of water to the dehydrated supernatant. To which added 0.5 ml of Folins phenol reagent and 2 ml of sodium carbonate (20%). The reaction mixture was kept in boiling water bath for 1 min. the absorbance was measured at 650 nm in a spectrophotometer.Estimation of total flavonoids 1920.2g of the plant material was ground with ethanol-water in 2 different ratios namely 91 and 11 respectively. The homogenate was filtered and these 2 ratios were combined. This was evaporated to dryness until most of the ethanol has removed. The resultant aqueous extract was extracted in a separating funnel with hexane or chloroform. The solvent extracted aqueous layer was concentrated 0.5 ml of aliquot of extract was pipette-out in a test tube. 4 ml of the vanillin reagent (1% vanillin in 70% conc. H2SO4) was added and kept in a boiling water bath for 15 mins. The absorbance was read at 360 nm. A standard was run by using catechol (110 g/ml).

The Face of Exploitation in Public Health Essay -- International Healt

The Face of Exploitation in Public HealthInternational popular wellness policies attempt to reform the social and political systems which influence the health and safety of all citizens of the world. In the past, these policies have been created through the strong reliance on and exploitation of socially constructed systems of classification such as gender, sexuality, nationality, and economic class. It has been a system of correlation between the behaviors which seem prevalent within social groupings and chances that those behaviors pass on lead to disease transmition or infestation. In January 2004, the instauration Health Organization announced a radical change in their policies surrounding usual health study and prevention in the 2004 world Report on violence and health. Instead of focusing on larger global and national trends, the WHO called for an expansion of policies and ontogeny of resources which focused more on the experiences and support of individuals rather than groups. This value of individual experience holds extreme promise in the expansion and effectiveness of public health initiatives as well has changes many societal systems of classifications. However, there may be detrimental effects of this change that exploit the very subjects that they attempt to help. It is a dubiety of forcing the private experience of disease into a public domain. Where are the lines of public verses private drawn?Public health by its very definition emphasizes public classification over the individual body. Its basic goal is to establish effective general health services that meet the minimum health requirements for a absolute majority of people. With this general goal in mind, there are two major assumptions made within the formation of public ... ...ing Questions of Appropriation and Subversion. Bodies That Matter On the straggling Limits of Sex. 121-156.New York Routledge, 1993. Delany, Samuel. Aversion/Perversion/Diversion. Longer Views Extended Essay s. Hanover, New Hampshire University Press of New England, 1996Foucault, Miachael. We Other Victorians and The Repressive Hypothesis.The History of Sexuality, Volume I An Introduction.Trans. Robert Hurley. New York Vintage, 1980.Hoole, Francis. Politic and Budgeting in the World Health Organization. 2 Indiana Unniverstity Press. 1997. Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. Philosophy in the Flesh The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. 3-44.New York Basic Books, 1999. Siddiqi, Javed. World Health and World Politics the World Health Organization and the UN System. 194-195. University of South Carolina Press. 1995

shoeless joe :: essays research papers

W.P. KinsellaWilliam Patrick Kinsella was born may 25, 1935 in Edmonton, Alberta. His father was a contractor and his sustain was a printer. As an only child, Kinsella spent his early years in a log cabin near Lac Ste.-Anne, sixty miles northwest of Edmonton. He seldom saw other children and completed grades one through four by correspondence. " Having no contact with children, I considered myself a small adult" (Authors and writers for young adults, 130-131). His parents, grandmother, and aunt read to each other and told stories, Kinsella began writing fantasies when he was five or six mostly baseball game fantasies. Why did Kinsella like to write well-nigh baseball so much?     The family moved to Edmonton when he was ten, and his father, a former Semi pro baseball player began taking him to baseball games. In eighth grade, Kinsella won a prize for "Diamond Doom," a baseball mystery. At age eighteen, he published his first story, a science fict ion tale about a totalitarian society, in the Alberta Civil Service Bulletin. Kinsella worked as a government clerk, manager of a retail credit company, account executive for the metropolis of Edmonton, owner of a n Italian restaurant, and taxicab driver while attending the University of Victoria where he received a B.A. in 1974. Then he attended a writers workshop at the University of Iowa, earning a master of fine arts degree in 1978. He taught at the University of Calgary from 1978 to 1983. But he detest the academic life so he quit to write full time. Kinsella was married to Mildred Clay from 1965 to 1978. He married the writer Ann Knight in 1978 and they settled in White Rock, British Columbia and Iowa City, Iowa when not traveling to attend major league baseball games. Kinsella has two daughters, Shannon and Erin.     In 1982 Kinsella wrote a best change novel, "Shoeless Joe". "Kinsellas 1982 mythical baseball fable drew on the authors long-t erm love of the game" ( Wilson, Kathleen. 229). This book is about a middle-aged man that lives on a farm with his wife, Annie and daughter, Karin. One day when this man, Ray Kinsella, is walking through his cornfields he hears the voice of an major league baseball announcer. It says, " if you build it, he depart come". Ray soon finds out that "it" is a baseball field and "he" is Rays father who used to play AAA ball.