Effect of rice and rye straw

AbstractionPurposes: To break down the concealment of the developing of Microcystis aeruginosa by various term implantations of rice straw ( 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss ) and rye straw ( 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss ) . Techniques and Consequences: All mixtures with high focus demonstrated severe result on the developing of M. aeruginosa, and the 0.2-day mixture from rice straw and the 40-day implantation from rye straw demonstrated the most adequate 1s with EC50 estimations of 28.0 milligrams C l-1 and 18.9 milligrams C l-1, severally. The concentrate grouping of rice straw had negative relationship with the maximal developing and developing rate in any case rot duration, while rye straw indicated the negative connection between the concentrate fixation and the solitary maximal developing of M. aeruginosa. Highlights of imbuements through radical violet optical thickness ought to be changed because of corruption of straws. Choices: Rice and rye straw implantation demonstrated the likelihood to order the developing of M. aeruginosa, and by the by, may be considered as an aspect of another surprising strength poison. Essentialness and Impact of the Survey: To put most solid specialist against algal developing, removes from since quite a while ago run corruption of straws could give greater chance and plausibility to happen allelochemicals. Catchphrases: since quite a while ago run mixture, allelopathy, concealment, rice straw, rye straw, SUVA, Microcystis aeruginosaIntroductionTellurian workss have been known to fuse grouped allelochemicals with hostile to algal belongingss ( Rice, 1984 ) . For outline, grain straw concentrated similarly more than different straws like rice and rye has been accounted for to demo a concealment result of algal developing ( Pillinger et al. , 1992 ; Newman and Barrett, 1993 ; Barrett, 1994 ; Everall and Lees, 1996 ; Barrett et al. , 1996 ; Everall and Lees, 1997 ; Cooper et al. , 1997 ) because of grouped mixes removed from grain straw under a wide range of conditions, for case, oxidized phenolic mixes from lignin beginnings ( Pillinger, 1993 ; Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , p-coumaric and ferulic from cell divider bound constituents ( Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , and tannic corrosive ( Hussein, 1982 ) . Rice straw has other than been known to relinquish allelochemicals with phenolic compound to confine the growing, developing, photosynthesis, breath and transformation of different workss ( Rice 1984 ; Inderjit et Al. 1995 ; Chung et Al. 2001 ) . Park et Al ( 2006 ) indicated intuitive and abusive outcome of arranged phenolic mixes removed from rice straw on the developing of Microcystis aeruginosa. These straw-inferred mixes may abide of army complex synthetic compounds with grouped highlights in a watery status. As straws would be applied into sea-going environments to order negatively algal developing, straw-inferred synthetic compounds would be discharged constantly, collected or changed into H2O section and highlights of synthetic concoctions would be changed fitting to the degradation cut which may be connected with the lability of synthetics. In any case, there was little data on this connection between allelochemical creation and corruption cut about rice and rye straws. Consequently, our motivations were to break down whether discharged compound from rice and rye straws orchestrating to disintegration cut has distinctive concealment outcome on the developing of cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, known as aggravation green growth around the universe, and to prognosticate the change of highlights of removed stuffs during deterioration clip.Materials and methodsCollec tion of works stuffsRye straw ( Secale cereale L. ) was gathered in Keumsan, South Korea. Rice straw ( Oryza sativa L. ) which was non applied with pesticides to examine creepy crawly pathology was acquired from Kangwon Province Agricultural Research and Extension Service, South Korea. All stuffs were in a split second moved to investigate lab, washed a few times with tap H2O, dried at 50? for 3 yearss and put away in a dull status at room temperature. Put away workss were cut, mortared, and sieved through 1-mm work before experiment.Preparation of short or since quite a while ago run decayed infusionsNine gms of each works stuff ( dry weight ) were put in a 2 L Erlenmeyer cup, joining 1.8 L of Moss medium. The making out of Moss medium was ( in milligram ) 16.8 Ca2+ , 5.0 †10-4 Co2-, 3.0 EDTA, 2.0 †10-2 Fe3+ , 2.2 K+ , 2.4 Mg2+ , 2.0 †10-2 Mn2+ , 4.0 †10-3 Mo6+ , 13.6 Na+ , 6.4 NH4+ , 21.0 NO3-, 0.9 P5+ , 3.3 S6+ , 4.9 Si4+ , 5.0 †10-3 Zn2+ , 3.3 †10-8 Cyanocobalamin ( B12 ) , 3.3 †10-7 d-Biotin, 3.3 †10-8 Thiamin-HCl ( B1 ) in 1 L of refined H2O. To separate straws for a long clasp, an aerator gave aerophilic status into the 2 L Erlenmeyer jar in light of the fact that keeping up aerophilic status was of import for the creation of phytotoxic synthetic compounds. For representation, Welch et Al. ( 1990 ) demonstrated that microbic decay of grain straw was basic for the concealment of algal developing, and Newman and Barrett ( 1994 ) recommended that the central requests for straw to be dynamic are the consideration of aerophilic conditions and a functioning and various microflora. Humidifier before the aerator was introduced to prevent the loss of mixtures and progress medium from the vaporization by blow uping dry air. The mixtures from rice straw were tested after 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss from puting straws in the human progress medium and those of rye straw were acquired after 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss from introducing straws. Each subsampling, 200 milliliter of imbuements were sifted through a glass fiber channel paper ( Whatman, GF/F ) , thus filtrate was lyophilized and put away in a cooler until Microcystis aeruginosa developing preliminary. Culture medium including mixtures was made by blur trip 20 milligram of lyophilised stuff in 100 milliliter of cleaned Moss medium and separated through a glass fiber channel paper ( Whatman, GF/F ) . At that point, to quantitatively investigate the concealment of M. aeruginosa developing by mixtures, human advancement medium incorporating imbuements was weakened with sanitized Moss medium to an extent of centralization of implantations ( test arrangement ) . Tried groupings of implantations every disintegration time of straws were in Table 1. The centralizations of broke down natural C ( DOC ) in mixtures were resolved using the TOC analyser ( TOC-5000A, Shimadzu ) . Every 10 milliliter of human advancement medium was put away at 4? to mensurate UV 260nm optical density.Culture status and developing finding of M. aeruginosaEach 4 milliliter of preliminary arrangements was moved into five glass human advancement tubings ( c.a. 11 milliliter, USA Scientific Culture Tube ) with a top thus, autoclaved. Following 1-day cooling, each 0.3 milliliter of M. aeruginosa ( acquired from Institute of Hydrobiology, China ) was vaccinated into four tubings and refined. Stayed one development tubing was utilized to mensurate clean estimation of fluorescence or optical thickness to watch algal developing every mixture. M. aeruginosa in exponential or fixed developing stage was vaccinated for the investigations. Culture tubings were hatched in 25â ±1? furthermore, lit up by fluorescent obvious radiations to give around 80? E m-2 s-1 for 24 h each twenty-four hours. Cylinders were unsettled with a spin friendly twice a twenty-four hours. The spots of exploratory tubings in a brooder were randomized in any event multiple times a hebdomad. In vivo fluorescence of M. aeruginosa was estimated with 1 or 2 yearss stretch using a spectrofluorophotometer ( RF-1501, Shimadzu ) at 343 nanometer of a fervor frequency and 680 nanometer of a radiation frequency. Absorbance ( 680 nm ) of algal cells to mensurate algal becoming was resolved with 1 or 2 yearss span using a spectrophotometer ( 101, Hitachi ) on the other hand of fluorescence following 50-day mixture of rice straw and 100-day implantation of rye straw.Determination of M. aeruginosa developing and measurements techniquesTo figure maximal developing ( K ) and developing rate ( u ) of M. aeruginosa, a strategic guide was utilized to show a sigmoid bend for algal developing ( SigmaPlot 9.0, Jandel Scientific ) as follows: EC50 values ( focus, when 50 % concealment outcome happens ) were gotten from maximal developing estimations of every preliminary contrasted and control on log-probit graduated tables. A continuous line connecting the two nearest values above and beneath the line coordinating to 50 % concealment was gotten ( Yamane et al. , 1984 ) . In case of 50 and 100 yearss in rice straw and 0.2 twenty-four hours in rye straw, EC50 values were determined by the extrapolation of two nearest informations of under 50 % concealment. To figure â€Å" no-hindrance furthest cutoff tried fixation † , alluded as a maximal focus indicated no-restraint out of attempted focuses, rehashed estimated investigation of inconsistency ( ANOVA ) with station hoc of Dunnett preliminary was utilized ( p and gt ; 0.05 ) to look at the circulation of optical thickness or fluorescence for watching M. aeruginosa developing between control without implantation and preliminary arrangements. Single direction ANOVA ( s tation hoc Duncan preliminary ) was used ( p and A ; lt ; 0.05 ) to analyze standardized maximal developing or standardized developing rate among three gatherings of broke down natural fixation ( DOC ) of implantations, and standardized maximal developing or standardized developing rate are determined by isolated maximal developing or developing rate in preliminary arrangement by in charge, severally.Ratio of UV260 and DOC in infusionsIn request to predict the adjustment of highlights of mixtures during rotting, the proportion of UV optical thickness at 260 nanometers and DOC focus ( SUVA ; explicit radical violet optical thickness ) was estimated. The UV optical thickness and DOC were estimated by a spectrophotometer ( UV-2401PC, Shimadzu ) and TOC analyser ( TOC-5000A, Shimadzu ) , severally.ConsequencesConsequence of implantations of rice and rye straws on M. aerugi

Leadership Mid Term :: Free Essay Writer

Administration Mid Term Midterm Examination The most significant thing in a gathering is to take care of business. Numerous things can help or frustrate the gatherings generally speaking profitability. There are three things all gatherings must be aware of, bunch improvement, bunch think and initiative groups. Every one of these zones decide climate a gathering will do or die, while finishing the errand. The first and most significant is bunch advancement. Gathering improvement is something that each gathering must experience. It is effectively clarified by utilizing Cog’s Ladder of gathering advancement, five phases of gathering improvement: Polite, for what reason were here, offered for power, useful, and Esprit. These stages diagram the way that all gatherings experience to frame their character. The manner in which your gathering creates can frequently decide your activities and your relative status among the other gathering individuals. (notes) The main stage is POLITE this happens when you are first positioned into a gathering, everybody is attempting to evade strife. All individuals in this stage simply need to be preferred and feel acknowledged in the gathering. The following stage is WHY WERE HERE when the gathering really investigates the errand before them. Individuals a for the most part pleasant to one another - a period of investigation. Third is the BID FOR POWER Cliques fight people in the endeavor to force their thoughts on the remainder of the gathering. This is a period of much disarray among bunch individuals as they attempt to discover who is the best individual to take orders from. The following stage is the CONSTRUCTIVE stage. In this phase there is a colossal mentality change and individuals start to surrender their requirement for force and begin focusing on their objective. Now there are many offered arrangements by all gathering individuals. The last stage is Esprit here there is a great deal of high g ood and gathering steadfastness. In this stage the gathering is tight, they have over looked individual contrasts, totally concentrating on the assignment. A pariah now has the capability of pulverizing the all around created gathering. (notes) While shaping a gathering it is critical to incorporate everybody directly off the bat. Getting great contribution from everybody is critical to amass improvement. Everybody in the gathering must regard and coexist with different individuals so as to give considerable advancement. Oblivious conformity is a snare that all gatherings must endeavor to stay away from.

Subtle Black MIT Traits

Subtle Black MIT Traits So quite recently I made a post on Facebook about a few things I had experienced as a black person at MIT, and I put it in the form of the popular Subtle Asian Traits page that has been making its way around the Facebook. For those of you that don’t know S.A.T is a page for Asian people to come together and talk about their shared experiences, so I decided to do the same for black people at MIT It seemed to be something that got a lot of attention, and I thought it might be a good idea to go a little bit deeper on what I meant by a few of these things, and what it can be like being a part of one of the smallest minority at MIT outside of Native Americans. I want to preface this all by the fact that I felt like I knew what I was walking into when I decided to go to a school like MIT, a school that was not in a predominantly black area, and had a pretty small percentage of black people (about 6% of undergrads and about 1% of graduate students https://web.mit.edu/facts/enrollment.html ). In high school even though I normally went to schools where half of the students were black, I was often the only black kid in my class, given that I almost exclusively took AP classes. So I just assumed college was going to be a lot more of the same. A lot of “I don’t feel left out exactly, but there is a level of connection that I just can’t or don’t have with you guys.” I don’t say this all to complain. I have met so many people that have become integral to my growth as a scientist, a dancer, and just as a person in general. I wouldn’t trade my experience at MIT for anything and I am so thankful for all the opportunities MIT has given me. However, as a black person you will quickly realize one big thing… A large amount of the MIT population has spent very little if any time around black people. A comment you will hear quite a bit is “yeah my high school had like two black people,” or “I think you might be my first real black friend.” I don’t say this to fault my classmates, it’s just the way things are for a lot of people. Sadly, a lot of the high schools that are known to send a lot of students to high level schools just don’t have a very large African or African American population. Personally, I think this fact is one of the main factors in about 90% of the things I listed in my facebook post. Some people just really don’t know what is okay and what isn’t due to lack of interaction with actual black people. I know for some people this is wild, especially for someone like me who has always lived in an area with a very large black population. However, for some, interactions with black people are limited to things like sports, music, movies, and a certain president (shoutout my boi Barack Obama… we miss you). This in turn leads to things like casual use of the n word by non-black students, casual hair petting, patting, rubbing, touching, etc. and a lot of people having strong feelings about how ‘easy’ it was for me to get into MIT. I make this connection between lack of interaction and issues like the casual use of the n word or a feeling of animosity towards black students getting into big schools because I have to realize discussion about topics such as these have historically happened outside the presence of an actual black person. With no black person to explain why the n word, to a lot of people, is more than just a word, or to explain historically why a lot of black students don’t have the same resources or opportunities in high school as a lot of other students, ideas and mindsets can be made about a group of people that may have no real tangible presence in your life. So to a lot of people the n word is just another word because there has never been someone around that it might hurt or offend. Affirmative action is just a way for black people to get in college easier because there has never been someone to explain that they were working multiple jobs while trying to get into college. I am nottt sure w here the hair touching came from…. But yeah stop that. A few of the other things on my list are just a matter of the small size of the black population at MIT. If you want to date someone in your race (or you just like that melanin) you are going to have a lot smaller group to choose from. You will often find that you are the only or one of very few African Americans in your classes. Finding a decent barber is hard (honestly just start growing it out and find someone to do your line). If you are looking for hair for braids at a beauty supply store, try to buy it at home or something because beauty supply stores are few and far between. If you are a heavy hip hop and dancing person, when it comes to parties I would strongly recommend going to Nu Delta or Chocolate City parties. I found all of these to just be a result of a small community, but every one of them can be overcome if you put in a little bit of effort. Despite all of this, the African and African American community is an amazing place. BSU is constantly working for our best interest, the National Society of Black Engineers is a great place to find internships and make connections, Black Womens Association is always holding their own dope parties, keeping you updated on that hair care, and giving black women a place to be themselves. Chocolate City and Nu Delta can be a good option to live if you really want a black living group, and all in all despite the lack of initial knowledge that a lot of MIT students have, most MIT students are willing to listen to what you have to say. If you are willing to take a little time and talk to people, a lot of students will quickly realize where they may have been wrong and be very genuine in their change of mindset. This isn’t everyone of course, but I have historically been pleasantly surprised by the openness of a lot of students to make a change in their mindset. And for a lot of Asian, His panic, and White prospective students, I think if you are coming to MIT and haven’t spent a lot of time around us, get out there, meet some new people, listen, learn, we can be dope from time to time. If you are a black student coming to MIT, I just want you to know you will encounter hurdles as a student here. However, I  think it is something you can without a doubt overcome, and at the end of the day I think I and a lot of others are much better people for our time here. I didn’t make this post to discourage anyone; I made this to make people aware of some of these truths so you can be as well prepared as possible for when you start your time here. MIT is a beautiful wonderful place, and there is nothing I want more than to see more black faces around campus. So with that in mind, I hope to see a lot more of you guys around, and if you see me come say hey!

Developing Persuasive Business Messages - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1458 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction Product selection is defined as the process where a number of criteria are followed are taken into consideration through identification, reviewing and the selection of the new commodity regardless of their limits towards the quality and safety. In this essay I will describe to the president about selection of the new and why I think it’s important to invest the capital resources in enhancing the development of the product or the service, in addition I will also convince the audience in every way possible to ensure that they have developed the interest on the item or service, also I will use AIDA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   model to provide good and adequate information to both the official and those who are out, give credibility to my request, visualize the readers minds and make them believe that I am talking about a beneficial thing to their company but not for my own benefits this can be well achieved by giving out the relevant example on what I am explaining to them and also request f or a specific course of action to be undertake and what as well as how to deal with any difficulty in selling the units to the customers and last but not the least, the channels to be used in making the product or service, then at the consideration of the multinational and cross culture implications.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Developing Persuasive Business Messages" essay for you Create order I am writing this to inform you that I have selected a product which I suggested that we adopt it in our organization by investing in this product, I feel that it’s good to for it will improve our profit making in the organization as whole, despite the fear of loss, it’s good to know that for us to succeed, that is realization of profits then we must take risk, and as I know that you are good in trying new ideas, then you will consider my view and start investing capital on it, definitely all will be successful and the organization will enjoy the benefit. To make it easy we need to apply the AIDA marketing model, here we can create awareness or else affiliation on the product to make many people be aware of the new product, secondly, and we must generate interest on top of the product, this will attract the buyer to begin with his investigation further, furthermore, we have desire which is the connection towards the brand emotionally, this makes the buyer start liking i t and lastly, the action which involves the interaction of the buyer and the   company either through phone calls, live chat and joining a newsletter among many others. Therefore, this marketing model will lead to buyer’s influencing and then eventually they buy the product or service, this becomes an advantage to the organization. I will also ensure my credibility approaching every audience in a different approach, this will make me be seen as a credible person, and again I respect their opinions highly together with their points of view and also conduct myself in a manner that comforts them. (Rawal, 2013) In an occasion where the sale of the selected product doesn’t initially sale according to the way that was expected to be, then we shall have a duty to lay down the strategies which could improve the quantity sold. Also we need to understand that when a product or service is new in the market, the customers might be fearing to buy it, they might be fearing on the side effects of the product, at this initial stage there are very few innovators who decide to take the risks, the sales will normally be low and many people are in the laggards stage, that is being traditionally bound, makes it difficult to go for the new brand products, and therefore a demand for mass distribution of the new product or services arises, however this sufficient for increasing sales, another supportive action also is needed, this supportive action is none other than ensuring that massive advertising of the product,   this creates the awareness of the product to a large number of   people who decide s to look for the product or service, therefore it is seen clear that distribution of the product and services to different geographical areas goes hand in hand with advertisement, by doing so the sales units of the product will start increasing. Another alternative for solving this problem of sales of the product being low is to lower the price when the monetary value is lowered, there is high penetration while when the price is extremely high, there is low penetration of the market. Therefore the organization will only have to reduce the price in order to get many customers whereby the sales units will increase, however, I must be keen on this lowering of prices to ensure that the organization doesn’t operate at loss. After our brand has been known by many buyers, then we will have to do some improvements on it so that we can gradually increase the prices as well as increasing the volume of sales of the selected product or services. Selecting the product is not the last step, therefore as a company, we must consider the selling of the product, and this can be done in four different ways which are termed to as the digital channels for marketing channel. (Rosenbloom, 2012).  These channels of selling include direct selling which involves selling the product selected one on one to the consumers, unlike the oldest form of selling the up-to-date form of selling through demonstration, arrangements involving personal contact and sales on the internet. This method will be appropriate for it will attract many customers due to the numerous benefits like demonstration, home conveyance, useful information concerning the product is shared to the buyers, on the other hand, it’s a is very cheap to start as an organization we will be using this when we want to show the performance of the product or when customers are concentrated in one area. Secondly, there is selling through intermediaries, this channel involves the wholesalers and retailers who are used by the business organization to ensure that the product reaches the final consumer. We can use this when the targeted customers are scattered over large geographical areas where it is difficult t6o demonstrate. Thirdly, there is dual selling, here we engage in selling the product or service in two ways in order to reach the final consumer, for example, we can sell our product to other organizations for resale or direct to the final user. By using this channel, we will be able to realize doubling in the sales volume of the product. There are a number of cross-country culture impacts, they are as follows; cultural identity, culture is the study of ways, values and attitudes possessed by people from a particular place, these attitudes and ethics impacts communication since everyone has different norms which he or she practices happens to be different from one another thus it can easily lead to a clash in the workplace or in some parts of the world. Racial identity, which is the person’s ownership to a particular race may have an effect on the way we interact with the workmates. Even when a person is needed at place of work, many leaders always looks for the people from their race, this may cause hatred among the people in a certain field, another major impact of cross-culture is gender roles which simply means people are affected from the perceptive in which their societies views towards the roles of women and men. For example, in an organization, we find that men are allocated high paying jobs as compared to women who are paid. Lastly, I will look at the multinational implication, especially in communication. When a common language which everybody in the workplace is known by every person,   there will be effectiveness in communication hence creating a favorable working environment, this also lead to easy sharing of information and easily getting the solution of any problem that might occur, this is made necessary by having a collective discussion on the matter. In conclusion, I can say that, if a product is selected, the appropriate strategies must be employed wisely in order to ensure that there is a balance especially in pricing strategy which should balance the cost and the selling price of the product to prevent occurrence of loss and at the same time increase the number of sales. Also, the AIDA model should be adequately applied for it will lead to increase in selling of the product, otherwise the person who has selected the product should emulate the discussed point throughout the essay so that the organization can take control of the product hence realizing profits.

Filtration Definition and Processes (Chemistry)

Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid. The term filtration applies whether the filter is mechanical, biological, or physical. The fluid that passes through the filter is called the filtrate. The filter medium may be a surface filter, which is a solid that traps solid particles, or a depth filter, which is a bed of material that traps the solid. Filtration is typically an imperfect process. Some fluid remains on the feed side of the filter or embedded in the filter media and some small solid particulates find their way through the filter. As a chemistry and engineering technique, there is always some lost product, whether its the liquid or solid being collected. Examples of Filtration While filtration is an important separation technique in a laboratory, its also common in everyday life. Brewing coffee involves passing hot water through the ground coffee and a filter. The liquid coffee is the filtrate. Steeping tea is much the same, whether you use a tea bag (paper filter) or tea ball (usually, a metal filter).The kidneys are an example of a biological filter. Blood is filtered by the glomerulus. Essential molecules are reabsorbed back into the blood.Air conditioners and many vacuum cleaners use HEPA filters to remove dust and pollen from the air.Many aquariums use filters containing fibers that capture particulates.Belt filters recover precious metals during mining.Water in an aquifer is relatively pure because it has been filtered through sand and permeable rock in the ground. Filtration Methods There are different types of filtration. Which method is used depends largely on whether the solid is a particulate (suspended) or dissolved in the fluid. General Filtration: The most basic form of filtration is using gravity to filter a mixture. The mixture is poured from above onto a filter medium  (e.g., filter paper) and gravity pulls the liquid down. The solid is left on the filter, while the liquid flows below it.Vacuum Filtration: A  Bà ¼chner flask and hose are used to create a vacuum to suck the fluid through the filter (usually with the aid of gravity). This greatly speeds the separation and can be used to dry the solid. A related technique uses a pump to form a pressure difference on both sides of the filter. Pump filters do not need to be vertical because gravity is not the source of the pressure difference on the sides of the filter.Cold Filtration: Cold filtration is used to quickly cool a solution, prompting the formation of small crystals. This is a method used when the solid is initially dissolved. A common method is to place the container with the solution in an ice bath prior to filtration.Hot Filtration: In hot filtration, the solution, filter, and funnel are heated to minimize crystal formation during filtration. Stemless funnels are useful because there is less surface area for crystal growth. This method is used when crystals would clog the funnel or prevent crystallization of the second component in a mixture. Sometimes filter aids are used to improve flow through a filter. Examples of filter aids are silica, diatomaceous earth, perlite, and cellulose. Filter aids may be placed on the filter prior to filtration or mixed with the liquid. The aids can help prevent the filter from clogging and can increase the porosity of the cake or feed into the filter. Filtration vs. Sieving A related separation technique is sieving. Sieving refers to use of a single mesh or perforated layer to retain large particles​ while allowing the passage of smaller ones. In contrast, during filtration, the filter is a lattice or has multiple layers. Fluids follow channels in the medium to pass through a filter. Alternatives to Filtration There are more effective separation methods than filtration for some applications. For example, for very small samples in which its important to collect the filtrate, the filter medium may soak up too much of the fluid. In other cases, too much of the solid can become trapped in the filter medium. Two other processes that can be used to separate solids from fluids are decantation and centrifugation. Centrifugation involves spinning a sample, which forces the heavier solid to the bottom of a container. In decantation, the fluid is siphoned or poured off of the solid after it has fallen out of solution. Decantation can be used following centrifugation or on its own.

Thesis Statistical Hypothesis Testing and Standard Hotels Free Essays

ARELLANO UNIVERSITY Jose Abad Santos Campus Pasay City PRACTICES ON ACCOMMODATION AND HOUSEKEEPING IN SELECTED STANDARD HOTELS LOCATED WITHIN MANILA: AN ASSESSMENT A Thesis Proposal Presented to The FACULTY OF ARELLANO UNIVERSITY Jose Abad Santos Campus, Pasay City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Hotel, Restaurant, and Institution Management By: Monica Trisha Amistad Katherine Kay Ann Blancaflor Cathy Magsanay Kriszhane Manalac October 2011 ARELLANO UNIVERSITY Jose Abad Santos Campus Pasay City APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Hotel, Restaurant, and Institution Management, this thesis entitled: â€Å"Practices on Accommodation and Housekeeping in Selected Standard Hotels Located Within Manila: An Assessment† has been prepared and submitted by the following researchers Monica Trisha Amistad Katherine Kay Ann Blancaflor Cathy Magsanay Kriszhane Manalac who are hereby recommended for acceptance and approval for final oral examination RAQUEL L. SALVADOR, DBA Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved and accepted during an oral final defense held on September 17, 2011 with the rating of % CHAIRPERSON Member Member ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study. First and foremost, our utmost gratitude to Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis: Statistical Hypothesis Testing and Standard Hotels or any similar topic only for you Order Now Raquel Salvador, our Adviser whose sincerity and encouragement we will never forget. Dr. Salvador has been our inspiration as we hurdle all the obstacles in the completion of this research work. Last but not the least, our family and the one above all of us, the omnipresent God, for answering our prayers and for giving us the strength to plod on despite our wanting to give up and throw in the towel, thank you so much Dear Lord. M. T. D. A. K. K. A. T. B. C. S. M. K. P. M TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. APPROVAL SHEET†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. iv LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. v CHAPTER I The Problem and its Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Background of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Theoretical Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Conceptual Paradigm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Scope and Limitation of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Significance of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Definition of Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Foreign Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 Local Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 27 Foreign Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 32 Local Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Relevance of the Related Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 37 CHAPTER III Research Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 39 Research Procedure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 39 Sampling Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 39 Instrumentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 40 Procedure in Gathering Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 41 Statistical Treatment of Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 42 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 44 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 47 Curriculum Vitaeâ⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 ABSTRACT TITLE: â€Å"Practices on Accommodation and Housekeeping in Selected Standard Hotels Located Within Manila: An Assessment† STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The study will undertake the Assessment on the Practices in Accommodation and Housekeeping in selected Standard Hotels located within Manila. Specifically, the study will seek to answer the following subproblems: 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents? 2. 1 Age 2. 2 Gender 2. 3 Civil Status 2. 4 Educational Background 2. What factors can hamper the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of Accommodation and Housekeeping practices? 3. 5 Time 3. 6 Motivation 3. 7 Interrelationship with fellow employees 3. 8 Availability of equipments and materials 3. 9 Working environment 3. 10 Flexibility 3. What are the standard practices as regards to the Accommodation and Housekeeping Department? 4. Is there any significant difference between the implemented housekeeping and accommodation practices in the industry and the standard Housekeeping and Accommodation practices imposed by the Department of Tourism? IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY: This study will be beneficial to the following: The Hotel Industry. The findings of this study may provide the hospitality industry an updated output concerning the trends in the accommodation and housekeeping sector of this vast industry both private and government subsidized hotels. The Hotel Management. This study will provide the hotel management the current trends in the hospitality industry that will aid in formulating better strategies in comparison to its competitors. The Housekeeping Employees. This study will give the housekeeping employees further knowledge as regards to the guest preferences when it comes to accommodation facilities and cleanliness. The HRM Students of Arellano University. The findings of this study can serve as a valuable addition to the pool of research materials available in the university, serving as a reference material for those wanting to conduct similar studies in the future. The Researchers. Not only will the researchers gain substantial information through this study, but they will also partially fulfil the subject requirements for their course. RESEARCH METHOD USED: Research Method Used: Descriptive Method of Research Respondents: 45 respondents comprising of personnel in the Housekeeping Department of the three selected Standard Hotels within Manila. Data Gathering Instrument Used: Survey Questionnaires and Observation Survey Questionnaires will be the primary source of data for this study. The Questionnaires were divided into 2 parts. The first part revealed the demographic profile of the respondents (role in the Housekeeping Department, age, gender, civil status and highest educational attainment). The second part revealed how the respondents perceived time, motivation, interrelationship with fellow employees and other factors as an agent that hampers the effectiveness and efficiency in the implementation of Housekeeping practices. Furthermore, the second part of the questionnaire will also reveal if the Housekeeping and Accommodation standards of the industry is strictly tended for by the Standard Hotels. Upon submitting the survey forms to the hotels, the researchers had facility observations which supplemented the data derived from the survey. PROCEDURES FOR GATHERING DATA For Descriptive Research, the following steps were undertaken: 1. Researchers will look for and collect references from the University Library which will serve as a guide in the formulation of survey questionnaires. 2. An approved and signed letter asking for permission to conduct a study to the 3 selected Standard Hotels located within Manila. Submitted together with the letter are the survey questionnaires to be answered by the personnel in the Housekeeping Department and will be collected 4 days after. 3. Upon retrieval of questionnaires, the results will be tabulated, interpreted and analyzed. 4. Evaluation and Finalization How to cite Thesis: Statistical Hypothesis Testing and Standard Hotels, Papers

Culpability of an Offender-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically evaluate whether s 323(1)(d) of the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) or s 8(1) of the Criminal Code Act 1983 (NT) best addresses individual culpability in joint criminal ventures. Answer: Introduction Miller v The Queen[2016] HCA 30 is an important case that seeks to establish the test in which the courts can hold an accused liable to a criminal offence that emerges, because of the commission of another crime, that he was involved in planning and commissioning[1]. In this case, the court denoted that for an accused to be liable for such a crime, then there is a need of proofing the fact that he could foresee the possibility of the occurrence of such a crime, during the commission of the original that they participated in. Note that, the case Miller v The Queen, was brought forth to challenge a precedent that was established in McAuliffe v The Queen (1995) 183 CLR 108[2].This was a landmark case that brought forth the principles of extended criminal liability and the test that it had to pass, in case the courts was to hold another person culpable for the offence committed by the group. According to the decision established in this court, a person should be held responsible for the crimes of his group, if he foresaw the probability of the criminal activity occurring, during the time in which they were involved in planning an original crime. Note that, Miller v the Queen was a case that was brought forth, to challenge this principle. Nevertheless, the Australian High Court refused to set aside the law, in Miller v the Queen, and allowed its practice in the country. Section 323 (1) (d) of the 1958 Crimes Act requires that a prosecutor proves the foreseeability of the probability of the criminal activity happening, if a prosecution under the extended joint criminal activity has to be successful[3]. Nonetheless, the requirement by s 323 (1) (d) of the act to prove the probability of foreseeability is under criticism, due to the fact that it breaches the doctrines of common law, which requires the onus of proof to be that the accused foresaw a possibility of the crime occurring. In fact, section 8 (1) of the 1983 Criminal Code Act denotes that the onus of proof should be a possible foreseeability[4]. Therefore, the argument of this paper is that s 323 (1) (d) is not effective in addressing problems touching on the culpability of an individual in a joint criminal activity. It is the view of this paper, that the 1983 C riminal Code Act provides an effective solution and test that can help to determine the culpability of a suspect. Perceived Dangers of a Joint Criminal Venture Section 323 and section 8 of the 1983 Criminal Code Act focuses on criminal joint ventures. These ventures are very dangerous to the people who are involved in them, because of the liability that they may have in a court of law[5]. For instance, one of the perceived dangers is the occurrence of a secondary crime that was not planned. This is very dangerous to other members of the group, because they may be held liable for the criminal activity, even if, they were not present when the crime occurred. They might be charged as accessories, aiders, etc. to the criminal activity. All that the prosecution needs to proof is the fact that they could foresee the possibility of the secondary crime occurring, when they were engaged in the primary crime. This paper mainly focuses on this perceived danger, when analyzing the effectiveness of section 323 (1) (d) and section 8 (1) of the Criminal Codes Act. Section 323 (1) (d) and Culpability of an Accused Note that, the 1958 Crimes Act, section 323 (1) to section 324 is able to provide and identify the provisions of the notion of complicity. This is are statutory principles that replaces terms such as extended common purpose, counseling, abetting, etc. In fact, there are provisions that are contained in section 324C of the 1958 Crimes Act[6]. Note that, parliament was able to abolish these parts of law, basically because they were not effective and efficient in finding an accused to be culpable to a consequent criminal offence, that has resulted during the commission of another crime. While examining this concept of extended joint common purpose, section 323 (1) (d) of the 1958 Crimes Act provides a clear description on what it is. The section denotes that, the section denotes that, you can hold an accused liable, under the principles of a joint extended common purpose, if the person is able to enter into an agreement, with another person or a group, to commit a criminal activity, and he foresees the probability of another crime occurring, during the commission of the criminal activity that was occurring. On this note, the concept focuses on notion of a probable foreseeability of an offence, during the process of engaging in a planned criminal activity. This notion of a foreseeable probability is controversial, and it is one of the reasons that made this statute to be less effective in finding out whether an individual is culpable of a criminal activity or not. In fact, section 323 (1) (d) has replaced these notions of extended common purpose, with other new methods of ascertaining the liability of an accused, which are based on the principles that govern the commission of secondary offences. This is an aspect that is called derivative liability, and it is found in s 324 of the 1958 Crimes Act, which has been responsible for replacing section 323. Under this principle of derivative liability, the concept of complicity can only be proved; if a secondary crime has been committed. Moreover, the burden of prove still remains with the prosecutor as established in the leading case law of R V Jensen (1980) VR[7]. In this case, the prosecutor should proof that the person who committed the offence actually had the intention of committing the secondary criminal offence, before holding the accused liable. This means that the court should not only concentrate in proving the foreseeability of a criminal event happening, but the prosecutor should proof that the 1 suspect had the intention of committing the secondary criminal activity, during the process of committing a crime they had planned as a group. Moreover, this is a decision that is supported in Johns v the Queen (1980) 143 CLR 108[8]. In this case, the court held that an accessory will have the same responsibility as the primary offender, in case the prosecution is able to proof the fact that he and the primary offender were in contemplation of committing the secondary crime, and it was foreseeable, and the crime was committed out of intention. Moreover, in this case, the court introduces the term contemplation. In the view of the court, this was a possibility that the secondary crime would be committed by the primary offender, since it was foreseen as a possibility: when they were planning to commit the original crime. From this case law and statute, it is possible to assert that the court was criticizing the use of a probable foreseeability as a test for proving complicity. Basing on these facts, it is possible to assert that s 323 (1) (d) of the 1958 Crimes Act is not effective in addressing the culpability of an accuser to an extended common purpose criminal activity[9]. This is basically because it is not aligned to the doctrines that are established under the common law principles, that establishes the test of proof to be on the foreseeable possibility of a crime occurring. Now, the question to ask is whether the 1983 Criminal Code Act is effective in addressing issues touching on the culpability of an accuse to be complicit in a criminal activity. The Criminal Code Act and Culpability of an Offender Section 8 (1) of the criminal code act of 1983 provides a test in which the courts can hold a person liable or culpable for a secondary offence under a crime that is committed by a group. For instance, the section denotes that, if 2 or more people come together, with the common intention of engaging in unlawful activity, and while in the process of engaging in such an activity, a secondary crime occurs, then, each of the people who have engaged in the criminal activity will be held responsible for the offence, unless, they are able to prove the fact that they did not foresee the possibility of the secondary criminal activity occurring. This is a radical change to the provisions contained in s 323 (1) (d) of the 1958 Crimes Act, which recognizes the principles of foreseeable probability and places the onus of proving it to the prosecutor. However, the onus of proving that the accused did not foresee the possibility of the secondary act occurring is on the suspect, this is in accordanc e to the 1983 Criminal Code Act. Section 8 (1) of the Criminal Code Act is supported by a number of common law principles. A good example is Giorgianni v R (1985) 156[10]. In this case, the court was able to establish that an accused can be held liable for the offences of a primary accuser, if he foresaw the possibility of the crime occurring. However, in this case, the court established a test of a possible foreseeability. In the ruling of the court, for an individual to be held culpable for the crime of a primary offender, there is a need of proving the fact that he was aware of all the circumstances that will emerge during the commission of a primary offence, and he was on a sound mind. R v Stokes Difford (1990) is an important case law that provides the importance of examining the mental capability and condition of a secondary offender, during the process of planning the crime[11]. Note that, while examining the mental condition of the secondary offender, he must prove that he had no intention of participating in the principal offence, thus he did not have the essential facts and information about the primary crime that occurred. Basing on these facts, it is possible to assert that by establishing the burden of proof to be on a foreseeable possibility, and putting the onus of proof to a suspect, the Criminal Code Act is very effective and efficient in determining the culpability of a suspect, in a secondary criminal activity. Consistency of Reversing the Onus of Proof One of the most important common law principles on the burden of proof is that the prosecutor should proof beyond reasonable doubt that an accused is guilty of a crime. This is a principle that was first established in Woolmington v DPP[1935] UKHL 1, where the courts ruled that a person is first presumed innocent, until the prosecutor is able to proof beyond reasonable doubt that he is guilty of an offence[12]. On this note, the House of Lords in this case denoted that the presumption of proof to a suspect is an important individual right that cannot be removed from the suspect. Note that, this notion of burden of proof laying on the state, manages to create a relationship between an individual and the state, and the aim is to ensure that an innocent civilian is not jailed. On this note, placing the burden of proof to a suspect is not consistent to the common law principles that are established by Woolmington v DPP, and other similar cases. Nonetheless, in Williamson v Ah[1926] HCA 46, Justice Isaac was able to rule that reversing the burden of proof may be justifiable in certain circumstances[13]. While ruling on this issue, the judge explained that it is a person who comes up with an affirmation of an issue, who should then prove it. Section 8 (1) of the 1983 Criminal Code Act places the burden of proof to a suspect, in regarding proving that he was not able to foresee the possibility of a secondary crime happening. This is an assertion that an accused can make, while defending himself against the accusation of a secondary offence carried out by a group. Thus, as per the principles established in Williamson v Ah, there is a balance between the personal liberty of a suspect and the sovereignty of a state, when such a person is a suspect is allowed to proof his case, in such circumstances. Conclusion Finally, the Criminal Code Act is the best law that is able to determine the culpability of a suspect who have engaged in a joint criminal activity. This is in regard to the occurrence of a secondary crime during the process of carrying out the primary crime. Moreover, the principles established in this case law is supported by a number of common law doctrines that places the burden of proof to a suspect, when it comes to proving the foreseeability of possibilities. It is because of the weaknesses of s 323 of the 1958 Crimes Act, that parliament was able to repel and replace the sections. The sections were replaced in a manner that, to convict an accessory to a secondary crime, there is a need of looking at other factors such as the intention of the primary offender during the commission of the secondary crime, and a foreseeability of possibilities. Bibliography Cases Giorgianni v R (1985) 156 Johns v the Queen (1980) 143 CLR 108 McAuliffe v The Queen (1995) 183 CLR 108 Miller v The Queen[2016] HCA 30 R V Jensen (1980) VR R v Stokes Difford (1990) Williamson v Ah[1926] HCA 46Woolmington v DPP[1935] UKHL 1 Laws Crimes Act s 324Crimes Act 1958 s 323 (1) (d)Criminal Code Act 1983 (8)Criminal Code Act Section 1983 (8) (1) Miller v The Queen [2016] HCA 30 McAuliffe v The Queen (1995) 183 CLR 108 958 Crimes Act section 323 (1) (d) Criminal Code Act Section 1983 (8) (1) Criminal Code Act 1983 (8) Crimes Act s 324 R V Jensen (1980) VR Johns v the Queen (1980) 143 CLR 108 Crimes Act 1958 s 323 (1) (d) Giorgianni v R (1985) 156 R v Stokes Difford (1990) Woolmington v DPP[1935] UKHL 1 Williamson v Ah[1926] HCA 4

Models help or hinder the search for knowledge Essay Example

Models help or hinder the search for knowledge Essay A model is a representation of a complex structure or concept that is used to explain it and represent it in a more simplistic manner with the aim of facilitating the understanding of it. Models are used in a variety of subjects such as natural sciences, government structures, history and many more. Although they are simplified simulations, they provide a representation of reality that help our learning and understanding of the phenomena that occur. However, models have the possibility of leading us into an error or incorrect information and thus present limitations that have the potential of hindering the knowledge. Models can be broken down into four main categories. Experimental models which can be constructed and put to use in a laboratory. A ‘scale models would fit under this category, representing spatial relationships, and ‘working models’ representing temporal sequences. At the other end of the spectrum are logical models. These start from the axioms and theorems of a formal deductive system, they are used to illustrate abstract systems and provide a possible interpretation of it. Lastly, there are theoretical models. These are imaginative mental constructions made to conceptualize observed phenomena. They are usually imagined mechanisms that are described with analogies to familiar processes. For instance, in physics, the â€Å"billiard-ball model† of gas is a perfect example of a theoretical model. Although it is intended to represent an underlying structure of a physical system, it is merely a symbolic representation that is developed into a theory that explains the phenomena as a model. A relevant knowledge issue concerning theoretical models would: to what extend can models give a realistic and accurate representation of reality? We will write a custom essay sample on Models help or hinder the search for knowledge specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Models help or hinder the search for knowledge specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Models help or hinder the search for knowledge specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Consider a container full of a gas such as air and imagine that it is composed of minuscule elastic spheres bouncing around. It can be assumed that the mechanical behavior of the spheres is similar to the behavior of colliding billiard balls. From this assumption, a theory can be put forward, the one of Kinetic Theory of Gases that involves equations interrelating the velocity (p), mass (m), momentum and energy of the hypothetical spheres. None of these theoretical properties can be physically observed. On the other hand, some theoretical terms could be related to observable properties of the gas, for instance, a change in the momentum of the collision amongst particle with the containing wall may be identified as the pressure of the gas. These assumptions lead to Boyle’s Law stating that if the volume of a gas is reduced by 50% then the pressure of the gas will double. (e.g. compressing air during a bicycle jump). Hypothetical minuscule elastic spheres were assumed to have mass and velocity similarly to billiard balls do although no color. The analogies are not simply formal like they are in mathematics, they may be physical, elasticity and mass. In the creation of a theory, scientist may suggest a model incorporating analogies drawn from a variety of familiar situations combined with radically new assumptions. In the diagram below, all the lines going into the model are represented as dotted due to their origins lying in an act of creative imagination instead of making a purely logic based inference. Generally speaking, dotted arrows should be added coming in from other familiar situations, on the left. When imagining a model, there are explicit or implicit references to what is similar and previously intelligible, furthermore there is freedom allowing to interpret a phenomena in the desired model. It can be assigned to any property that are thought of as fruitful contributors to the theory. This depends on the perception of the scientist of the phenomena in question. Therefore, since theoretical models are based on a scientists interpretation of what they perceive and the analogy that is made to an already known model, models do not provide a fully reliable and accurate representation of reality. Theoretical models can further be perceived as subjective and self determined, thus the numerous debates and disagreements amongst scientists concerning more complex models. Theoretical models convey associations and implications that aren’t specifically determined and that may be transferred if a shit in paradigm occurs due to the application of a different analogy to the phenomena. Additional developments and modifications may be proposed.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A metaphor proposes analogies between the familiar context of a word and a new context into which it is introduced †. Models can be compared to metaphors due their similar property of open-endedness. Max Black said that ‘It may help us to notice what would otherwise be overlooked and to shift the relative emphasis attached to details in short, to see new connections.† A model suggests new ways of perceiving a situation that presents problems by transferring some of the features of another given situation that is fully understood. The implications implied by the use of a metaphor to refer to a model is not merely subjective as it is employed by the majority of a community using a language. For instance, the use of an analogy that might not have been essential to the formulation of the model could potentially influence the development of the paradigm. Science, most often doesn’t recognize the line separating theoretical language from observational language; the distinction is relative to the situation and depends on the context. A close parallel between the interaction of metaphorical language and literal language can be made, there is a lack of division line between the two. ‘Billiard-ball model’ incites one to think about the whole kinetic gas model as a pool table and the movement of billiard balls. The term was initially introduced as an analogy to visualize a non ‘touchable’ matter. The metaphor has now become a standard reference and is often used to teach with in education. Metaphors, like models, have the potential to extend language and influence the literal recordings of facts and therefore create new meanings. Since the new meanings are based on analogies from the start, they could have distorted the reality of the model to a great extent, providing a less accurate representation. A metaphor evokes emotional responses whereas a scientific model was designed to be systematically developed, specifying the positive and negative analogy although the neutral analogy is open ended and leaves spaced for further interpretation. Furthermore, a scientific model leads to a testable theory. Nevertheless, the similarities between metaphors and models are significant enough to illustrate the importance of imagining analogies. Metaphors aren’t literally true, although, according to Wheelwright, they do â€Å"say something, however tentatively and obliquely, about the nature of what is†. Metaphors help illustrate a model by drawing a direct comparison between the phenomena that is desired to be represented with an analogy that is already existent in our world, defined, explained and understood. The ‘double-helix’ model of the DNA molecules in biology is also considered as a theoretical model, but that one specifically is closer to observational evidence that can be collected in a lab and can therefore be literally taken. Nevertheless, even in this theoretical model, only a defined number of aspects that compose world are brought into prominence, while a few more are neglected. For instance, the model exhibits the spatial relationships between the DNA components but doesn’t take account of the character of the existing bonds between them. In conclusion, models are used in various manner in science. They serve different functions among which you may find practical and theoretical. Theoretical models are innovative mental constructions based on imagination, perception and the ability to relate to already existing models. They end up in a combination of analogies that are usually open-ended and leave space for further development and possibility for shifts in interpretation. Models are usually taken very seriously but not literarily as they are only simplistic representations of complex phenomena. They can’t be defined as pictures of reality nor useful fictions, rather as inadequate and partial manners of imagining and creating what is not observable – in theoretical models.

What Mean Means

What Mean Means What Mean Means What Mean Means By Mark Nichol The verb mean, in the senses of â€Å"destine† â€Å"direct,† â€Å"intend,† and â€Å"signify,† is from the Old English phrase mae nan. To say that someone â€Å"means business† signifies that he or she is earnestly serious about something; to say that someone â€Å"means well† means that the person has good intentions. (One is said to be well-meaning when his or her intentions are good; the person’s actions are said to be well-meant.) Mean has multiple adjectival meanings. Used to convey the ideas of â€Å"base† or â€Å"contemptible,† â€Å"petty† or â€Å"stingy,† or â€Å"malicious† or â€Å"troublesome,† it is from the Old English phrase gemae ne, meaning â€Å"common.† It also has the less negative senses of â€Å"ashamed,† â€Å"dull,† and â€Å"humble† and actually has a positive connotation as a slang synonym for â€Å"effective† or â€Å"excellent† in references to having admirable skills, as in â€Å"He plays a mean saxophone.† (This may derive from a confusion with the idiom â€Å"no mean† followed by a noun or noun phrase, as in â€Å"He’s no mean poker player,† where â€Å"no mean† means â€Å"not average† or â€Å"not inferior.) The expression â€Å"lean and mean† likely derives from the notion of aggressive competitiveness. The adverb meanly means â€Å"in a humble, inferior, or ungenerous manner.† The sense of mean as a synonym for â€Å"average,† â€Å"intermediate,† or â€Å"midway† is ultimately from the Latin term medianus (by way of Anglo-French and Middle English), which is also the source of median. (Mesne, borrowed with an alteration in spelling from Anglo-French, means â€Å"intermediate† or â€Å"intervening† but is used only in legal contexts.) As a noun, mean can refer to something intermediate (as in the mathematical sense), something helpful (as in the phrase â€Å"means to an end†), or resources (as in the sense of having the means to accomplish something). Related idioms include â€Å"by all means† (â€Å"certainly†), â€Å"by means of† (â€Å"through the use of†), and â€Å"by no means† (â€Å"not at all†). The synonymic compounds meantime and meanwhile both derive from the â€Å"intermediate† sense of mean, while mean-spirited alludes to the sense of â€Å"petty.† (The slang term meanie, also spelled meany, refers to a person who is cruel; this usage is considered dated, however, and is now used only in a jocular sense.) To demean, meanwhile, is to debase or put down, while meanness can refer to poverty, stinginess, or weakness. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. Further"Replacement for" and "replacement of"Forming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

Use of Computers in Hotels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Use of Computers in Hotels - Essay Example One of the trends he identified was the shift from an Industrial Society to an information society. The level of change involved is so fundamental yet so subtle that we tend not to see it or if we see it, we dismiss it as overly simplistic and thus we ignore itThe problem is that our thinking our attitudes, and consequently our decision-making have not caught up with the reality of things. Naisbitt further stated that Apple Computers, a pioneer in the field of personal computers, estimated that total sale of computers would grow at least 40 percent annually. On the other hand, scientific and technical information was increase 13 percent per year at the time of this study and was expected to increase to 40 percent per year thus creating the need for more powerful information systems and increasing the population of scientists. Naisbitt added that this level of information was clearly impossible to handle by present means. Information had become very important to modern society. In most business, demographic information about client was not readily available in the hotel industry however it was very easy to track down the demographic information of client because every guest or group must register when checking in. Goffe and Parker stated that computers can greatly simplify the task of managing large masses of information. Unfortunately at the time of this study the lodging industry in the world was about a decade behind other industries in incorporating computer techniques. Even in those hotels that were using computers their use was usually limited to the front office, and marketing applications were usually an after though if they were not neglected entirely. The problem of insufficient computer use in hotel marketing was discussed by several other experts in the hospitality industry Taylor (2006) stated that the sales and marketing function have always been deemed beyond the reach of available technique. Sales people still wrote booking in diaries instead of entering information in computers. With so many variables impacting upon hundreds of bookings, it was very easy to make costly mistakes for example salesmen might forget to log their room sales in diaries causing rooms to be overbooked. Insufficient computer use can also cause problems like delays in replying to customers about the availability of rooms because data is not immediately available to Goffe and Parker (2005:110); computer if utilized properly could bring many benefits to hotel marketers. They added that computers can be used for following things very easily. In Advertising, Sales promotion and Publicity areas: Measurement of the effectiveness of different advertising and commercials. Measurement of the effectiveness of different sales promotion. Preparing past clients mailing list. Monitoring of advertising budgets. Preparing publicity budget. O'Connor (2004) elucidates the different functions of computers for marketing purposes: In Sales and Sales Management: Preparation of market share analysis. Tracking and ranking how much business each geographic market brings. Preparing potential clients list. Tracking the reasons for cancelled

The issues of politics and administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The issues of politics and administration - Essay Example This paper will look into the issues of politics and administration. It will also discuss the possibility of separating politics from administration. Holding or having an opinion about such a view is very critical. It is, however, very easy to agree with all those who do not think that Wilson was right. The involvement of politics in the administration process is an everyday occurrence (Naidu, 2005). It has been there ever since the beginning, and it is here to stay. To try and stop the involvement of a higher, organized group of elite people who are out to benefit themselves is a very hard task. It is hard to hide the fact that these two are linked. It is very unlikely for any administration to make a decision without there being any outside influence. That mainly comes from the politics side of that administration. It is fair to say or point out that the dichotomy displayed by Wilson in today’s world is not applicable. The distinction is neither workable nor is it practical. Take, for example, a public school. A public school that gets its funding from the local government is usually very easy to fall prey to the involvement of politics. As the school administration wants to implement their policies, local politics comes into play. It is very easy for them to get side-lined. They get other policies to implement while being given ultimatums if they do not do as they are required (Sapru, 2006). Some of the advantages of this dichotomy would be the fact that, some policies that these administrations are forced to adopt may end up helping people. This is in line with the fact that incentives are always factors that are used to control these administrations, and the people around them. Another advantage would be the rise of more powerful individuals that may be able to run the administration. The recognition that politics gives to individuals is very appealing to many, and the fact that a politician is willing to spend time in the local areas would

Developed Nations and Underdeveloped Nations Economic Growth

Developed Nations and Underdeveloped Nations Economic Growth Forecasting the gap of Economical Growth between the Developed Nations and Underdeveloped Nations (Application of Winter Forecasting). Muhammad Bilal Literature Review: In 1981 street of Beijing, China was filled with pedestrians, bicycles, a few cars and small buildings. Thirty years later the same street having traffic-jam of cars and skyscrapers. How this city transformed into a mega-city having underground train stations, state of the art technology and high standards of living. This is the effect of sustain and rapid economic development. What is economic development? and how we can obtain these astonishing results out of it. During the speech of 1949, US President Harry Truman, identified the main concern for the west is development of underdeveloped region. The term Economic Development is generally used in many other synonymous terms such as economic growth, economic welfare, secular change and economic progress. Economic development, as it is now generally understood, includes the development of agriculture, industry, trade, transport, means of irrigation, power resources, etc. Economic development has been defined in different ways and as such it is difficult to locate any single definition which may be regarded entirely satisfactory. Economic development applies in the context of peoples sense of morals (Normative Concept). Michael Todaro defines economic development as an raise in living standards, self-esteem and freedom from unjust exercise of authority as well as a greater options. Distinction was drawn between standards of living (subjective or value based concept of economic development) and levels of living (objective and fact based concept) in article International Definition and Measurement of Standards and Levels of Living (UN, 1954). Positive economics or levels of living can be tested. So we can say that economic development is the quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy. Economic development is sum of actions of policy makers and communities that encourage the standard of living and economic health. Such actions can involve multiple dimensions including development of human capital, critical infrastructure, regional competitiveness, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, health, safety, literacy, and other initiatives. Economic development and economic growth are different concept. Whereas economic development concern with policy intervention which originated in aftermath of war the reconstruction started by the US. The economic development of a nation or humanity is generally linked with growing incomes and associated increases in consumption, investment, and savings. These points are clearly open to debate. Dictionary of Economics’ article on Development Economics, Bell (1989) utilized the pioneer and latecomer as an organizing framework given that independent countries start out as poor in a world where at that point rich nation. Economic development was visually perceived as a process in which latecomer get closer to pioneers. Per capita income can be use as proxy for measurement of development as various social indicators for instance educational attainment, health, etc. As discussed above, it is sensible to come to the point that international organizations approach to ‘development construct’ are very differently. One justification for this variety of concept is that economic theory does not give any direction to that matter. Although another explanation is that every organization has their own specific mandate therefore may approach this matter with different mindset and perception. Economic development refers to an upward trend in real national output over a long period. Although the upward trend means that each successive cyclical peak and trough is generally at a higher level of real national output than the preceding peak and trough respectively. There is a positive relationship between the real national income and economic development if all other things remain the same. Higher real national income of a country is considered to be an indication of higher economic development and vice versa. In Short it is implies that the real national income is a good tool for measuring economic development of a country. However it could be an inadequate tool for measuring economic development, but it can be used for global development comparisons among nations. Purchasing power of national income should be taken into account while quantifying economic development. There is another method (HDI) for measuring development which takes into account the literacy rates and life expectancy which affects output and could result in Economic Growth. It also entails raise in the per capita income. Economic development leads to the economic growth which is a necessary condition but not sufficient and we can say Economic growth follows many different ways, and not all of them are sustainable. Certainly, there are numerous researchers who argue that globe has limited resources so any form of economic growth is sooner or later unsustainable. Economic Growth does not consider the reduction in natural resources which might lead to greenhouse gasses, overcrowding and diseases. Development however is concerned with sustainability which means meet the requirements of the present with no compromise on future. From now on we take a look at what exactly Economic Growth is and will go through some measures of it. Economic growth is the increase in the capacity or increase in the market worth of the goods and services produced by a country over period. Economic growth indicator like GDP is used to compare economy of one period of time to another or one country to other. It is traditionally calculated in nominal term (which means inflation adjusted GDP), the ratio of GDP to population; it is also called per capita income. -Economic growth is a process in which country achieve high real national income in long period of time. There are a few approaches to gauge Economic growth. The fact should be consider while using Economic Growth as proxy for economic development that it does not take into consideration the informal economy also known as the black economy. Development improves the standards of living and proper employment with appropriate shelter. Consequently, as well known economist Amartya Sen points out that Economic Growth is a piece of the big puzzle the economic development. During the period of high inflation the Growth rate may be much higher. The fact should be considered that growth rate (in short term) also rise and fall with business cycles. Economic boom accompanied the rising inflation which is followed by recession. It has been observed by statisticians that Developed countries have higher GDP per capita (Easterly 2002). It is argue that GDP per capita may increase due to the increment in incomes of richer groups in the society so we can say that per capita GDP growth may not reduce the poverty or societal development. It is observed by Dependency theorists that poor nations sometimes experience economic growth with modest or no economic development initiatives. There are many indicator of economic growth like Increase in the capital, progress in technology, and enchantment in the quality and literacy Rate are considered to be the main factors of economic growth. Recently the idea of sustainable growth has brought in additional factors. Underdeveloped nations which are not using their resources fully and having lower livelihood, low Human Development Index (HDI) as compared to other countries. A GDP that is growing at a high rate is thought to be greatest sign that an economy is developing and thriving. This is the reason nations like China and Brazil were considered so important in 2010s. It wasnt on account of they had gotten to be major economic power it was on the argument that they were headed to wind up major financial powers because of their high GDP development rates. So nations regularly stay informed regarding how rapid different nations are developing to anticipate (describe a possible future event) what the worldwide economy will look like later on. Influential economies need to know who their new enemies will be. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a sort of monetary apparatus that is used by governments and economists as a method for measuring economic growth in an expressed period. For the most part, the estimation of GDP is used because of its significance in the figuring of how well the economy is performing. All things considered, the relationship in the betw een the GDP and economic growth is the way that GDP serves as a method for study how an economy is acting. GDP tries to gauge the aggregate utilization of resource inside the economy. Although, GDP is a part measure of the numerous features of our modern economy. The most well-known refrain went for GDP is that it lets us know minimal about our general or individual monetary welfare. Development concerns not only mans material needs but also the improvement of the social condition of his life. Development is, therefore, not only economic growth, but growth plus change in social, cultural and institutional as well as economic. This definition encompasses economic and non-economic aspects of development the central point of this definition is that quantitative and qualitative changes in development variables are considered essential ingredients of economic development. Thus, we can conclude that economic development is a process rather than the result of it which results in a rise in real national income, and the net national product must have a sustained increase i.e., it must be over a long period of time. How do we construct a classification system based on countries development attainment? The World Bank and the IMF approach this issue differently. Do high levels of GDP necessarily correspond with high levels of development? Necessarily not because countries like India and China having way higher levels of GDP than countries like Belgium and New Zealand, but hardly any would suggest that latter are economically less developed than the former. Main reason behind that may be politically acceptable minimum living standards differ greatly from country to country it implies poverty lines are country specific, which hinder comparison of countries with respect to their economic development. There is no criterion (either grounded in theory or based on an objective benchmark) that is generally accepted for classifying countries according to their level of development because development is not a concept that can provide a basis upon which countries can be classified. There are large differences in the standard of living enjoyed by citizens of different countries. For example, in 2009 a citizen in Burkina Faso earned on average US$510 as compared to US$37,870 for a Japanese citizen, and while in Burkina Faso 29 percent of the adult population was literate and a new-born baby could expect to live 53 years, virtually all adults in Japan were literate and a Japanese new-born baby could expect to live 83 years. Another possible justification for the absence of a generally accepted classification system is the inherent normative nature of any such system. In 1960s developing and developed words are became the more common way to characterize countries, especially in the context of policy discussions on transferring real resources from richer (developed) to poorer (developing) countries (Pearson et al, 1969). This could suggest that a developing/developed country dichotomy is too restrictive and that a classification system with more than two categories could better capture the diversity in development outcomes across countries. It is more complicated develop a classification system. There are two problems that need to be addressed. One, it is not clear what is the correct number of categories. Two countries measured development attainment are most likely all different and a procedure is needed to tweak the development attainments that is to say construct a synthetic distribution to ensure that countries within each category have the same. A developed economy is the characterized by increase in capital resources, improvement in efficiency of labor, better organization of production in all spheres, development of means of transport and communication, growth of banks and other financial institutions, urbanization and a rise in the level of living, improvement in the standards of education and expectation of life, greater leisure and more recreation facilities and the widening of the mental horizon of the people. 1) Significance of Industrial Sector. 2) High Rate of Capital Formation. 3) Use of High Production Techniques and Skills. A country that is less  developed  economically  than most others, with little  industry  and little  money  spent  on  education,  healthcare. There is huge debate on this topic that which countries fit these two categories of developed and underdeveloped, although GDP is general reference points to compare nations. This paper use time series method to forecast the upcoming condition of economy. It comprises the use of statistical methods and using factor GDP. We will use GDP to forecast the economical growth gap between the developed nations and underdeveloped nations. It is an important tool for countries as they devise future planning and strategies. I will use Holt winter to forecast the gap of economic growth. The Holt-Winters method has found to be the best and simple method to forecast time series. References: Bradford, C. (2010). Economic Growth and Equity Investing. Financial Analysts Journal, 66, 54-64. Reddaway, W. (1963). The Economics of Under-Developed Countries. The Economic Journal, 73, 1-12. William, F. (1964). Differential rates of growth, developed and underdeveloped nations, and their implications. Journal of farm economics, 46, 1043-1050. Minh, Q. (2009). Poverty, income distribution, and Agriculture in developing Countries. Journal of economic,36, 168-183. Harold, B. (1969). Growth in developed nations. The review of economics and statistics, 51, 143-148. Williams, T. (1987). Adaptive Holt-Winters Forecasting. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 38, 553-560.

Analysis of the Investment Opportunities in Amp and Qbe Essay

This study investigates the opportunities to make an investment decision between AMP limited and QBE Insurance Group Limited. In order to find that, this study has done ratio analysis, risk and return assessment, SWOT analysis and analysis regarding the influence of the external environment. Both AMP limited and QBE Insurance Group Limited are in the insurance industry whereas QBE provides general insurance service and AMP has two business units which includes AMP Financial Services and AMP Capital Investors. Considering profitability analysis, systematic risk and cost control policy, investing in AMP Limited is found out to be a better choice than investing in QBE Insurance Group Limited, even though EPS and P/E ratio contrary the choice. This study has also done SWOT analysis on the insurance industry and external environment analysis which may affect the investment decision. Therefore, after considering all these analysis, this study concludes that investing in AMP limited decision would be worthwhile than investing in QBE Insurance Group Limited. 1. Introduction The purpose of the report is to make a conclusive investment decision between AMP and QBE companies based on educated analysis which includes ratio analysis, risk and return assessment, SWOT analysis and impact of external environment on the AMP and QBE. Therefore, company’s financial performance, future profitability opportunity associated with risk can be speculated prior to the investment decision. 2. Company profile As one of the largest companies in Australia, QBE Insurance Group Limited provides general insurance services not only in Australia, but also in all over the world. And for AMP limited, it is an Australian financial corporation which focuses on insurance services to the customers in Australia and New Zealand. 3. Risk Assessment 3.1 Current ratio For the financial year ended 31st Dec 2010, AMP has a current ratio of 9.99 which is larger than the QBE figure 1.30. Since current ratio is a measure of short-term solvency of companies, the ratio indicates that AMP is more liquid than QBE in 2010 financial year. In a historical view from Table 1 in appendix, the current ratios of AMP were constantly larger than QBE figures in the past 10 year. 3.2 Debt/equity ratio From the balance sheets provided by Annual Report Online Database (n.d.), the D/E ratios can be calculated as 29.36 for AMP and 3.08 for QBE in 2010 financial year. The enormous difference between D/E ratios of the chosen firms indicates that AMP has bigger debt components in its capital structure than QBE does. The D/E ratios of AMP and QBE for years between 2006 and 2010 shows AMP shareholders are bearing more risks than QBE shareholders because of the heavy portion of debts the company has to generate value for each dollar in equity. 3.3 Return on equity In 2010 financial year, AMP gives us a ROE of 24.45%, compared with the ROE of QBE which is 12.30%. The ROE figures indicate that each dollar in AMP’s equity could generate more profit than that in QBE’s. From information provided in Fin Analysis Database (n.d.) and illustrated in Table 2 in appendix, we can analyze the historical trends of the two companies. From 2005 the ROE ratio of AMP had a continuously growth above QBE and reach the peak of 52.43% in 2007. After that period, both AMP and QBE had slight contraction in ROE, however the ROE of AMP maintained larger than QBE till now. From the ratio analysis above, we can briefly conclude that the AMP has more risks in long-term solvency than QBE; however, it is much more profitable than QBE for each dollar invested in its equity. Considering analysis above, investing in AMP is better over QBE from the profitability point of view. 3.4 Systematic risk analysis 3.4.1 AMP Provided by Fin Analysis Database (n.d.), the beta coefficient of AMP is 1.73. The beta figure suggests that the systematic risk of AMP is greater than the average risk in the market. Based on coupon rate of 5-year and 10-year government bonds as well as the market risk premium for 2010 provided by Pablo Femandez (n.d.), the expected return of investing in AMP is 14.78% for 5 years and 15.78% for 10 years. 3.4.2 QBE From Fin Analysis Database (n.d.), the beta coefficient of QBE is 0.50, which is smaller than an average risky asset and the beta of insurance industry. The expected return of investing in QBE is calculated as 7.65% for 5 years and 8.65% for 10 years. As illustrated above, the systematic risk of AMP is larger than QBE, this result in a greater expected return on investment in AMP for a five to ten years period. 4. Return analysis 4.1 Earnings Per Share As we can see from the historical data from Fin Analysis (n.d.), as at 30/12/2010, the EPS of QBE was $121.73, obviously higher than that of AMP which was $36.90. For the last ten years, the EPS of QBE was generally indicated a trend of stable growth from 2001 to 2007 and peaked at 2007 of nearly $225.67, however, from 2008 to 2010, the EPS started to decrease, especially decreased from $196.41 in 2009 to $121.73 in 2010. As for AMP, on the other hand, there was a significant change of EPS in 2003, during which time the EPS decreased from -$78.73 to -$399.86, afterwards it also had ups and downs, but the trend was quite smooth with an EPS around $40.00. Therefore, considering the trend in the last ten years, OBE has a higher EPS with reasonable fluctuation. 4.2 Net Profit Margin Net profit margin is commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of the company’s ability of converting revenue into actual profit. During the last ten years, both AMP and QBE experienced a generally increasing trend in the Net Profit Margin except for the year 2008. The average net profit margin of QBE and AMP was around 5% and 10% respectively, which indicates that AMP might have a more effective cost control policy compared to QBE. 4.3 P/E ratio (PER) As we can see from the database of Financial analysis (n.d.) which showed in Table 3, from 2003, the PER trend of both QBE and AMP were quite smooth without much fluctuations. Also QBE generated a slightly higher PER than AMP, which indicates that QBE yields higher returns and is more price sensitive than AMP. 5. SWOT analysis 5.1 Strengths: The life and the non-life insurance section in Australia are certainly considered as an attractive place where to do business, because both segments are expecting to grow over the future period more at a rate of 7% per annum compared to the growth rate for the industry as a whole. 5.2 Weaknesses: Non-life insurance premiums are barely developing because this segment is fully grown in mature market, so it is difficult to invest and benefit to investors. There is also a lack of reinsurance capacity in the local market and the local market of investments is exposed to the requirements of the global market. 5.3 Opportunities: There is a strong linkage between life insurance products and superannuation funds which mean the growth of the superannuation funds will benefit to life insurance in Australia. Voluntary motor insurance and non-life insurance are growing quite dramatically in Australia, so there is still a possibility of investments to these products. 5.4 Threats: The investment risks in connection with the popular insurance products are placed with the clients, not with the insurers. That is, fluctuation in global financial markets may easily have a negative impact on life premiums. 6. Impact of external environment of insurance industry The world economy is not stable in recent several months. That means the growth of world economy cannot be reasonably guaranteed. It is due to the fact that two of the most important and largest economic bodies in the world cannot seek appropriate solutions to their own economic problems. As the largest economy in the world, American economy has been in difficult situation and struggling since the world financial crisis. The US economic statistic data have revealed that the recovery of the America’s economy will probably be a long process. For example the unemployment level of the last six months in America is between 9 to 10 percent. It should be mentioned that the US average unemployment rate is 5.7 percent. Even though the data indicates that the US manufacturing industry rebounded last month, the probability of recession is still high. The economy of European Union (EU) is also experiencing difficulties. The European debt crisis has been spreading from Greece to Spain and Italy. It is an unambiguous fact that Greece is insolvent. Even though Spain and Italy is not insolvent, they have liquidity problems. The suddenly deteriorated finance in Europe has resulted in the loss of confidence of investors. The insurance industry has been growing steadily since global financial crisis. But the natural disasters such as the flood and hurricane in Queensland have important influence on insurance industry .More specifically, QBE suffered from these catastrophes such as storms in Queensland and Victoria. Besides, the 12 tornadoes that happened in America and Christchurch’s fourth major earthquake in New Zealand also affected QBE’s profit. But these natural disasters failed to decrease QBE’s profit. Instead, it was the contraction in insurance margins led to the shares of QBE to decrease. 7. Conclusion In conclusion, AMP limited is better choice than QBE Insurance Group Limited to invest due to high profitability opportunity, considering systematic risk and cost control policy although EPS and P/E ratio indicates in favor of QBE. According to returns, AMP is slightly better than QBE in terms of investment decision. Therefore, it would be highly recommended to invest 1 million dollar in AMP limited rather than QBE Insurance Group Limited.