Effect of rice and rye straw

AbstractionPurposes: To break down the concealment of the developing of Microcystis aeruginosa by various term implantations of rice straw ( 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss ) and rye straw ( 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss ) . Techniques and Consequences: All mixtures with high focus demonstrated severe result on the developing of M. aeruginosa, and the 0.2-day mixture from rice straw and the 40-day implantation from rye straw demonstrated the most adequate 1s with EC50 estimations of 28.0 milligrams C l-1 and 18.9 milligrams C l-1, severally. The concentrate grouping of rice straw had negative relationship with the maximal developing and developing rate in any case rot duration, while rye straw indicated the negative connection between the concentrate fixation and the solitary maximal developing of M. aeruginosa. Highlights of imbuements through radical violet optical thickness ought to be changed because of corruption of straws. Choices: Rice and rye straw implantation demonstrated the likelihood to order the developing of M. aeruginosa, and by the by, may be considered as an aspect of another surprising strength poison. Essentialness and Impact of the Survey: To put most solid specialist against algal developing, removes from since quite a while ago run corruption of straws could give greater chance and plausibility to happen allelochemicals. Catchphrases: since quite a while ago run mixture, allelopathy, concealment, rice straw, rye straw, SUVA, Microcystis aeruginosaIntroductionTellurian workss have been known to fuse grouped allelochemicals with hostile to algal belongingss ( Rice, 1984 ) . For outline, grain straw concentrated similarly more than different straws like rice and rye has been accounted for to demo a concealment result of algal developing ( Pillinger et al. , 1992 ; Newman and Barrett, 1993 ; Barrett, 1994 ; Everall and Lees, 1996 ; Barrett et al. , 1996 ; Everall and Lees, 1997 ; Cooper et al. , 1997 ) because of grouped mixes removed from grain straw under a wide range of conditions, for case, oxidized phenolic mixes from lignin beginnings ( Pillinger, 1993 ; Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , p-coumaric and ferulic from cell divider bound constituents ( Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , and tannic corrosive ( Hussein, 1982 ) . Rice straw has other than been known to relinquish allelochemicals with phenolic compound to confine the growing, developing, photosynthesis, breath and transformation of different workss ( Rice 1984 ; Inderjit et Al. 1995 ; Chung et Al. 2001 ) . Park et Al ( 2006 ) indicated intuitive and abusive outcome of arranged phenolic mixes removed from rice straw on the developing of Microcystis aeruginosa. These straw-inferred mixes may abide of army complex synthetic compounds with grouped highlights in a watery status. As straws would be applied into sea-going environments to order negatively algal developing, straw-inferred synthetic compounds would be discharged constantly, collected or changed into H2O section and highlights of synthetic concoctions would be changed fitting to the degradation cut which may be connected with the lability of synthetics. In any case, there was little data on this connection between allelochemical creation and corruption cut about rice and rye straws. Consequently, our motivations were to break down whether discharged compound from rice and rye straws orchestrating to disintegration cut has distinctive concealment outcome on the developing of cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, known as aggravation green growth around the universe, and to prognosticate the change of highlights of removed stuffs during deterioration clip.Materials and methodsCollec tion of works stuffsRye straw ( Secale cereale L. ) was gathered in Keumsan, South Korea. Rice straw ( Oryza sativa L. ) which was non applied with pesticides to examine creepy crawly pathology was acquired from Kangwon Province Agricultural Research and Extension Service, South Korea. All stuffs were in a split second moved to investigate lab, washed a few times with tap H2O, dried at 50? for 3 yearss and put away in a dull status at room temperature. Put away workss were cut, mortared, and sieved through 1-mm work before experiment.Preparation of short or since quite a while ago run decayed infusionsNine gms of each works stuff ( dry weight ) were put in a 2 L Erlenmeyer cup, joining 1.8 L of Moss medium. The making out of Moss medium was ( in milligram ) 16.8 Ca2+ , 5.0 †10-4 Co2-, 3.0 EDTA, 2.0 †10-2 Fe3+ , 2.2 K+ , 2.4 Mg2+ , 2.0 †10-2 Mn2+ , 4.0 †10-3 Mo6+ , 13.6 Na+ , 6.4 NH4+ , 21.0 NO3-, 0.9 P5+ , 3.3 S6+ , 4.9 Si4+ , 5.0 †10-3 Zn2+ , 3.3 †10-8 Cyanocobalamin ( B12 ) , 3.3 †10-7 d-Biotin, 3.3 †10-8 Thiamin-HCl ( B1 ) in 1 L of refined H2O. To separate straws for a long clasp, an aerator gave aerophilic status into the 2 L Erlenmeyer jar in light of the fact that keeping up aerophilic status was of import for the creation of phytotoxic synthetic compounds. For representation, Welch et Al. ( 1990 ) demonstrated that microbic decay of grain straw was basic for the concealment of algal developing, and Newman and Barrett ( 1994 ) recommended that the central requests for straw to be dynamic are the consideration of aerophilic conditions and a functioning and various microflora. Humidifier before the aerator was introduced to prevent the loss of mixtures and progress medium from the vaporization by blow uping dry air. The mixtures from rice straw were tested after 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss from puting straws in the human progress medium and those of rye straw were acquired after 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss from introducing straws. Each subsampling, 200 milliliter of imbuements were sifted through a glass fiber channel paper ( Whatman, GF/F ) , thus filtrate was lyophilized and put away in a cooler until Microcystis aeruginosa developing preliminary. Culture medium including mixtures was made by blur trip 20 milligram of lyophilised stuff in 100 milliliter of cleaned Moss medium and separated through a glass fiber channel paper ( Whatman, GF/F ) . At that point, to quantitatively investigate the concealment of M. aeruginosa developing by mixtures, human advancement medium incorporating imbuements was weakened with sanitized Moss medium to an extent of centralization of implantations ( test arrangement ) . Tried groupings of implantations every disintegration time of straws were in Table 1. The centralizations of broke down natural C ( DOC ) in mixtures were resolved using the TOC analyser ( TOC-5000A, Shimadzu ) . Every 10 milliliter of human advancement medium was put away at 4? to mensurate UV 260nm optical density.Culture status and developing finding of M. aeruginosaEach 4 milliliter of preliminary arrangements was moved into five glass human advancement tubings ( c.a. 11 milliliter, USA Scientific Culture Tube ) with a top thus, autoclaved. Following 1-day cooling, each 0.3 milliliter of M. aeruginosa ( acquired from Institute of Hydrobiology, China ) was vaccinated into four tubings and refined. Stayed one development tubing was utilized to mensurate clean estimation of fluorescence or optical thickness to watch algal developing every mixture. M. aeruginosa in exponential or fixed developing stage was vaccinated for the investigations. Culture tubings were hatched in 25â ±1? furthermore, lit up by fluorescent obvious radiations to give around 80? E m-2 s-1 for 24 h each twenty-four hours. Cylinders were unsettled with a spin friendly twice a twenty-four hours. The spots of exploratory tubings in a brooder were randomized in any event multiple times a hebdomad. In vivo fluorescence of M. aeruginosa was estimated with 1 or 2 yearss stretch using a spectrofluorophotometer ( RF-1501, Shimadzu ) at 343 nanometer of a fervor frequency and 680 nanometer of a radiation frequency. Absorbance ( 680 nm ) of algal cells to mensurate algal becoming was resolved with 1 or 2 yearss span using a spectrophotometer ( 101, Hitachi ) on the other hand of fluorescence following 50-day mixture of rice straw and 100-day implantation of rye straw.Determination of M. aeruginosa developing and measurements techniquesTo figure maximal developing ( K ) and developing rate ( u ) of M. aeruginosa, a strategic guide was utilized to show a sigmoid bend for algal developing ( SigmaPlot 9.0, Jandel Scientific ) as follows: EC50 values ( focus, when 50 % concealment outcome happens ) were gotten from maximal developing estimations of every preliminary contrasted and control on log-probit graduated tables. A continuous line connecting the two nearest values above and beneath the line coordinating to 50 % concealment was gotten ( Yamane et al. , 1984 ) . In case of 50 and 100 yearss in rice straw and 0.2 twenty-four hours in rye straw, EC50 values were determined by the extrapolation of two nearest informations of under 50 % concealment. To figure â€Å" no-hindrance furthest cutoff tried fixation † , alluded as a maximal focus indicated no-restraint out of attempted focuses, rehashed estimated investigation of inconsistency ( ANOVA ) with station hoc of Dunnett preliminary was utilized ( p and gt ; 0.05 ) to look at the circulation of optical thickness or fluorescence for watching M. aeruginosa developing between control without implantation and preliminary arrangements. Single direction ANOVA ( s tation hoc Duncan preliminary ) was used ( p and A ; lt ; 0.05 ) to analyze standardized maximal developing or standardized developing rate among three gatherings of broke down natural fixation ( DOC ) of implantations, and standardized maximal developing or standardized developing rate are determined by isolated maximal developing or developing rate in preliminary arrangement by in charge, severally.Ratio of UV260 and DOC in infusionsIn request to predict the adjustment of highlights of mixtures during rotting, the proportion of UV optical thickness at 260 nanometers and DOC focus ( SUVA ; explicit radical violet optical thickness ) was estimated. The UV optical thickness and DOC were estimated by a spectrophotometer ( UV-2401PC, Shimadzu ) and TOC analyser ( TOC-5000A, Shimadzu ) , severally.ConsequencesConsequence of implantations of rice and rye straws on M. aerugi

Leadership Mid Term :: Free Essay Writer

Administration Mid Term Midterm Examination The most significant thing in a gathering is to take care of business. Numerous things can help or frustrate the gatherings generally speaking profitability. There are three things all gatherings must be aware of, bunch improvement, bunch think and initiative groups. Every one of these zones decide climate a gathering will do or die, while finishing the errand. The first and most significant is bunch advancement. Gathering improvement is something that each gathering must experience. It is effectively clarified by utilizing Cog’s Ladder of gathering advancement, five phases of gathering improvement: Polite, for what reason were here, offered for power, useful, and Esprit. These stages diagram the way that all gatherings experience to frame their character. The manner in which your gathering creates can frequently decide your activities and your relative status among the other gathering individuals. (notes) The main stage is POLITE this happens when you are first positioned into a gathering, everybody is attempting to evade strife. All individuals in this stage simply need to be preferred and feel acknowledged in the gathering. The following stage is WHY WERE HERE when the gathering really investigates the errand before them. Individuals a for the most part pleasant to one another - a period of investigation. Third is the BID FOR POWER Cliques fight people in the endeavor to force their thoughts on the remainder of the gathering. This is a period of much disarray among bunch individuals as they attempt to discover who is the best individual to take orders from. The following stage is the CONSTRUCTIVE stage. In this phase there is a colossal mentality change and individuals start to surrender their requirement for force and begin focusing on their objective. Now there are many offered arrangements by all gathering individuals. The last stage is Esprit here there is a great deal of high g ood and gathering steadfastness. In this stage the gathering is tight, they have over looked individual contrasts, totally concentrating on the assignment. A pariah now has the capability of pulverizing the all around created gathering. (notes) While shaping a gathering it is critical to incorporate everybody directly off the bat. Getting great contribution from everybody is critical to amass improvement. Everybody in the gathering must regard and coexist with different individuals so as to give considerable advancement. Oblivious conformity is a snare that all gatherings must endeavor to stay away from.

Subtle Black MIT Traits

Subtle Black MIT Traits So quite recently I made a post on Facebook about a few things I had experienced as a black person at MIT, and I put it in the form of the popular Subtle Asian Traits page that has been making its way around the Facebook. For those of you that don’t know S.A.T is a page for Asian people to come together and talk about their shared experiences, so I decided to do the same for black people at MIT It seemed to be something that got a lot of attention, and I thought it might be a good idea to go a little bit deeper on what I meant by a few of these things, and what it can be like being a part of one of the smallest minority at MIT outside of Native Americans. I want to preface this all by the fact that I felt like I knew what I was walking into when I decided to go to a school like MIT, a school that was not in a predominantly black area, and had a pretty small percentage of black people (about 6% of undergrads and about 1% of graduate students https://web.mit.edu/facts/enrollment.html ). In high school even though I normally went to schools where half of the students were black, I was often the only black kid in my class, given that I almost exclusively took AP classes. So I just assumed college was going to be a lot more of the same. A lot of “I don’t feel left out exactly, but there is a level of connection that I just can’t or don’t have with you guys.” I don’t say this all to complain. I have met so many people that have become integral to my growth as a scientist, a dancer, and just as a person in general. I wouldn’t trade my experience at MIT for anything and I am so thankful for all the opportunities MIT has given me. However, as a black person you will quickly realize one big thing… A large amount of the MIT population has spent very little if any time around black people. A comment you will hear quite a bit is “yeah my high school had like two black people,” or “I think you might be my first real black friend.” I don’t say this to fault my classmates, it’s just the way things are for a lot of people. Sadly, a lot of the high schools that are known to send a lot of students to high level schools just don’t have a very large African or African American population. Personally, I think this fact is one of the main factors in about 90% of the things I listed in my facebook post. Some people just really don’t know what is okay and what isn’t due to lack of interaction with actual black people. I know for some people this is wild, especially for someone like me who has always lived in an area with a very large black population. However, for some, interactions with black people are limited to things like sports, music, movies, and a certain president (shoutout my boi Barack Obama… we miss you). This in turn leads to things like casual use of the n word by non-black students, casual hair petting, patting, rubbing, touching, etc. and a lot of people having strong feelings about how ‘easy’ it was for me to get into MIT. I make this connection between lack of interaction and issues like the casual use of the n word or a feeling of animosity towards black students getting into big schools because I have to realize discussion about topics such as these have historically happened outside the presence of an actual black person. With no black person to explain why the n word, to a lot of people, is more than just a word, or to explain historically why a lot of black students don’t have the same resources or opportunities in high school as a lot of other students, ideas and mindsets can be made about a group of people that may have no real tangible presence in your life. So to a lot of people the n word is just another word because there has never been someone around that it might hurt or offend. Affirmative action is just a way for black people to get in college easier because there has never been someone to explain that they were working multiple jobs while trying to get into college. I am nottt sure w here the hair touching came from…. But yeah stop that. A few of the other things on my list are just a matter of the small size of the black population at MIT. If you want to date someone in your race (or you just like that melanin) you are going to have a lot smaller group to choose from. You will often find that you are the only or one of very few African Americans in your classes. Finding a decent barber is hard (honestly just start growing it out and find someone to do your line). If you are looking for hair for braids at a beauty supply store, try to buy it at home or something because beauty supply stores are few and far between. If you are a heavy hip hop and dancing person, when it comes to parties I would strongly recommend going to Nu Delta or Chocolate City parties. I found all of these to just be a result of a small community, but every one of them can be overcome if you put in a little bit of effort. Despite all of this, the African and African American community is an amazing place. BSU is constantly working for our best interest, the National Society of Black Engineers is a great place to find internships and make connections, Black Womens Association is always holding their own dope parties, keeping you updated on that hair care, and giving black women a place to be themselves. Chocolate City and Nu Delta can be a good option to live if you really want a black living group, and all in all despite the lack of initial knowledge that a lot of MIT students have, most MIT students are willing to listen to what you have to say. If you are willing to take a little time and talk to people, a lot of students will quickly realize where they may have been wrong and be very genuine in their change of mindset. This isn’t everyone of course, but I have historically been pleasantly surprised by the openness of a lot of students to make a change in their mindset. And for a lot of Asian, His panic, and White prospective students, I think if you are coming to MIT and haven’t spent a lot of time around us, get out there, meet some new people, listen, learn, we can be dope from time to time. If you are a black student coming to MIT, I just want you to know you will encounter hurdles as a student here. However, I  think it is something you can without a doubt overcome, and at the end of the day I think I and a lot of others are much better people for our time here. I didn’t make this post to discourage anyone; I made this to make people aware of some of these truths so you can be as well prepared as possible for when you start your time here. MIT is a beautiful wonderful place, and there is nothing I want more than to see more black faces around campus. So with that in mind, I hope to see a lot more of you guys around, and if you see me come say hey!

Developing Persuasive Business Messages - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1458 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction Product selection is defined as the process where a number of criteria are followed are taken into consideration through identification, reviewing and the selection of the new commodity regardless of their limits towards the quality and safety. In this essay I will describe to the president about selection of the new and why I think it’s important to invest the capital resources in enhancing the development of the product or the service, in addition I will also convince the audience in every way possible to ensure that they have developed the interest on the item or service, also I will use AIDA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   model to provide good and adequate information to both the official and those who are out, give credibility to my request, visualize the readers minds and make them believe that I am talking about a beneficial thing to their company but not for my own benefits this can be well achieved by giving out the relevant example on what I am explaining to them and also request f or a specific course of action to be undertake and what as well as how to deal with any difficulty in selling the units to the customers and last but not the least, the channels to be used in making the product or service, then at the consideration of the multinational and cross culture implications.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Developing Persuasive Business Messages" essay for you Create order I am writing this to inform you that I have selected a product which I suggested that we adopt it in our organization by investing in this product, I feel that it’s good to for it will improve our profit making in the organization as whole, despite the fear of loss, it’s good to know that for us to succeed, that is realization of profits then we must take risk, and as I know that you are good in trying new ideas, then you will consider my view and start investing capital on it, definitely all will be successful and the organization will enjoy the benefit. To make it easy we need to apply the AIDA marketing model, here we can create awareness or else affiliation on the product to make many people be aware of the new product, secondly, and we must generate interest on top of the product, this will attract the buyer to begin with his investigation further, furthermore, we have desire which is the connection towards the brand emotionally, this makes the buyer start liking i t and lastly, the action which involves the interaction of the buyer and the   company either through phone calls, live chat and joining a newsletter among many others. Therefore, this marketing model will lead to buyer’s influencing and then eventually they buy the product or service, this becomes an advantage to the organization. I will also ensure my credibility approaching every audience in a different approach, this will make me be seen as a credible person, and again I respect their opinions highly together with their points of view and also conduct myself in a manner that comforts them. (Rawal, 2013) In an occasion where the sale of the selected product doesn’t initially sale according to the way that was expected to be, then we shall have a duty to lay down the strategies which could improve the quantity sold. Also we need to understand that when a product or service is new in the market, the customers might be fearing to buy it, they might be fearing on the side effects of the product, at this initial stage there are very few innovators who decide to take the risks, the sales will normally be low and many people are in the laggards stage, that is being traditionally bound, makes it difficult to go for the new brand products, and therefore a demand for mass distribution of the new product or services arises, however this sufficient for increasing sales, another supportive action also is needed, this supportive action is none other than ensuring that massive advertising of the product,   this creates the awareness of the product to a large number of   people who decide s to look for the product or service, therefore it is seen clear that distribution of the product and services to different geographical areas goes hand in hand with advertisement, by doing so the sales units of the product will start increasing. Another alternative for solving this problem of sales of the product being low is to lower the price when the monetary value is lowered, there is high penetration while when the price is extremely high, there is low penetration of the market. Therefore the organization will only have to reduce the price in order to get many customers whereby the sales units will increase, however, I must be keen on this lowering of prices to ensure that the organization doesn’t operate at loss. After our brand has been known by many buyers, then we will have to do some improvements on it so that we can gradually increase the prices as well as increasing the volume of sales of the selected product or services. Selecting the product is not the last step, therefore as a company, we must consider the selling of the product, and this can be done in four different ways which are termed to as the digital channels for marketing channel. (Rosenbloom, 2012).  These channels of selling include direct selling which involves selling the product selected one on one to the consumers, unlike the oldest form of selling the up-to-date form of selling through demonstration, arrangements involving personal contact and sales on the internet. This method will be appropriate for it will attract many customers due to the numerous benefits like demonstration, home conveyance, useful information concerning the product is shared to the buyers, on the other hand, it’s a is very cheap to start as an organization we will be using this when we want to show the performance of the product or when customers are concentrated in one area. Secondly, there is selling through intermediaries, this channel involves the wholesalers and retailers who are used by the business organization to ensure that the product reaches the final consumer. We can use this when the targeted customers are scattered over large geographical areas where it is difficult t6o demonstrate. Thirdly, there is dual selling, here we engage in selling the product or service in two ways in order to reach the final consumer, for example, we can sell our product to other organizations for resale or direct to the final user. By using this channel, we will be able to realize doubling in the sales volume of the product. There are a number of cross-country culture impacts, they are as follows; cultural identity, culture is the study of ways, values and attitudes possessed by people from a particular place, these attitudes and ethics impacts communication since everyone has different norms which he or she practices happens to be different from one another thus it can easily lead to a clash in the workplace or in some parts of the world. Racial identity, which is the person’s ownership to a particular race may have an effect on the way we interact with the workmates. Even when a person is needed at place of work, many leaders always looks for the people from their race, this may cause hatred among the people in a certain field, another major impact of cross-culture is gender roles which simply means people are affected from the perceptive in which their societies views towards the roles of women and men. For example, in an organization, we find that men are allocated high paying jobs as compared to women who are paid. Lastly, I will look at the multinational implication, especially in communication. When a common language which everybody in the workplace is known by every person,   there will be effectiveness in communication hence creating a favorable working environment, this also lead to easy sharing of information and easily getting the solution of any problem that might occur, this is made necessary by having a collective discussion on the matter. In conclusion, I can say that, if a product is selected, the appropriate strategies must be employed wisely in order to ensure that there is a balance especially in pricing strategy which should balance the cost and the selling price of the product to prevent occurrence of loss and at the same time increase the number of sales. Also, the AIDA model should be adequately applied for it will lead to increase in selling of the product, otherwise the person who has selected the product should emulate the discussed point throughout the essay so that the organization can take control of the product hence realizing profits.

Filtration Definition and Processes (Chemistry)

Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid. The term filtration applies whether the filter is mechanical, biological, or physical. The fluid that passes through the filter is called the filtrate. The filter medium may be a surface filter, which is a solid that traps solid particles, or a depth filter, which is a bed of material that traps the solid. Filtration is typically an imperfect process. Some fluid remains on the feed side of the filter or embedded in the filter media and some small solid particulates find their way through the filter. As a chemistry and engineering technique, there is always some lost product, whether its the liquid or solid being collected. Examples of Filtration While filtration is an important separation technique in a laboratory, its also common in everyday life. Brewing coffee involves passing hot water through the ground coffee and a filter. The liquid coffee is the filtrate. Steeping tea is much the same, whether you use a tea bag (paper filter) or tea ball (usually, a metal filter).The kidneys are an example of a biological filter. Blood is filtered by the glomerulus. Essential molecules are reabsorbed back into the blood.Air conditioners and many vacuum cleaners use HEPA filters to remove dust and pollen from the air.Many aquariums use filters containing fibers that capture particulates.Belt filters recover precious metals during mining.Water in an aquifer is relatively pure because it has been filtered through sand and permeable rock in the ground. Filtration Methods There are different types of filtration. Which method is used depends largely on whether the solid is a particulate (suspended) or dissolved in the fluid. General Filtration: The most basic form of filtration is using gravity to filter a mixture. The mixture is poured from above onto a filter medium  (e.g., filter paper) and gravity pulls the liquid down. The solid is left on the filter, while the liquid flows below it.Vacuum Filtration: A  Bà ¼chner flask and hose are used to create a vacuum to suck the fluid through the filter (usually with the aid of gravity). This greatly speeds the separation and can be used to dry the solid. A related technique uses a pump to form a pressure difference on both sides of the filter. Pump filters do not need to be vertical because gravity is not the source of the pressure difference on the sides of the filter.Cold Filtration: Cold filtration is used to quickly cool a solution, prompting the formation of small crystals. This is a method used when the solid is initially dissolved. A common method is to place the container with the solution in an ice bath prior to filtration.Hot Filtration: In hot filtration, the solution, filter, and funnel are heated to minimize crystal formation during filtration. Stemless funnels are useful because there is less surface area for crystal growth. This method is used when crystals would clog the funnel or prevent crystallization of the second component in a mixture. Sometimes filter aids are used to improve flow through a filter. Examples of filter aids are silica, diatomaceous earth, perlite, and cellulose. Filter aids may be placed on the filter prior to filtration or mixed with the liquid. The aids can help prevent the filter from clogging and can increase the porosity of the cake or feed into the filter. Filtration vs. Sieving A related separation technique is sieving. Sieving refers to use of a single mesh or perforated layer to retain large particles​ while allowing the passage of smaller ones. In contrast, during filtration, the filter is a lattice or has multiple layers. Fluids follow channels in the medium to pass through a filter. Alternatives to Filtration There are more effective separation methods than filtration for some applications. For example, for very small samples in which its important to collect the filtrate, the filter medium may soak up too much of the fluid. In other cases, too much of the solid can become trapped in the filter medium. Two other processes that can be used to separate solids from fluids are decantation and centrifugation. Centrifugation involves spinning a sample, which forces the heavier solid to the bottom of a container. In decantation, the fluid is siphoned or poured off of the solid after it has fallen out of solution. Decantation can be used following centrifugation or on its own.

Thesis Statistical Hypothesis Testing and Standard Hotels Free Essays

ARELLANO UNIVERSITY Jose Abad Santos Campus Pasay City PRACTICES ON ACCOMMODATION AND HOUSEKEEPING IN SELECTED STANDARD HOTELS LOCATED WITHIN MANILA: AN ASSESSMENT A Thesis Proposal Presented to The FACULTY OF ARELLANO UNIVERSITY Jose Abad Santos Campus, Pasay City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Hotel, Restaurant, and Institution Management By: Monica Trisha Amistad Katherine Kay Ann Blancaflor Cathy Magsanay Kriszhane Manalac October 2011 ARELLANO UNIVERSITY Jose Abad Santos Campus Pasay City APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Hotel, Restaurant, and Institution Management, this thesis entitled: â€Å"Practices on Accommodation and Housekeeping in Selected Standard Hotels Located Within Manila: An Assessment† has been prepared and submitted by the following researchers Monica Trisha Amistad Katherine Kay Ann Blancaflor Cathy Magsanay Kriszhane Manalac who are hereby recommended for acceptance and approval for final oral examination RAQUEL L. SALVADOR, DBA Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved and accepted during an oral final defense held on September 17, 2011 with the rating of % CHAIRPERSON Member Member ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study. First and foremost, our utmost gratitude to Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis: Statistical Hypothesis Testing and Standard Hotels or any similar topic only for you Order Now Raquel Salvador, our Adviser whose sincerity and encouragement we will never forget. Dr. Salvador has been our inspiration as we hurdle all the obstacles in the completion of this research work. Last but not the least, our family and the one above all of us, the omnipresent God, for answering our prayers and for giving us the strength to plod on despite our wanting to give up and throw in the towel, thank you so much Dear Lord. M. T. D. A. K. K. A. T. B. C. S. M. K. P. M TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. APPROVAL SHEET†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. iv LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. v CHAPTER I The Problem and its Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Background of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Theoretical Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Conceptual Paradigm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Scope and Limitation of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Significance of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Definition of Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Foreign Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 Local Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 27 Foreign Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 32 Local Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Relevance of the Related Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 37 CHAPTER III Research Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 39 Research Procedure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 39 Sampling Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 39 Instrumentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 40 Procedure in Gathering Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 41 Statistical Treatment of Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 42 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 44 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 47 Curriculum Vitaeâ⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 ABSTRACT TITLE: â€Å"Practices on Accommodation and Housekeeping in Selected Standard Hotels Located Within Manila: An Assessment† STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The study will undertake the Assessment on the Practices in Accommodation and Housekeeping in selected Standard Hotels located within Manila. Specifically, the study will seek to answer the following subproblems: 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents? 2. 1 Age 2. 2 Gender 2. 3 Civil Status 2. 4 Educational Background 2. What factors can hamper the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of Accommodation and Housekeeping practices? 3. 5 Time 3. 6 Motivation 3. 7 Interrelationship with fellow employees 3. 8 Availability of equipments and materials 3. 9 Working environment 3. 10 Flexibility 3. What are the standard practices as regards to the Accommodation and Housekeeping Department? 4. Is there any significant difference between the implemented housekeeping and accommodation practices in the industry and the standard Housekeeping and Accommodation practices imposed by the Department of Tourism? IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY: This study will be beneficial to the following: The Hotel Industry. The findings of this study may provide the hospitality industry an updated output concerning the trends in the accommodation and housekeeping sector of this vast industry both private and government subsidized hotels. The Hotel Management. This study will provide the hotel management the current trends in the hospitality industry that will aid in formulating better strategies in comparison to its competitors. The Housekeeping Employees. This study will give the housekeeping employees further knowledge as regards to the guest preferences when it comes to accommodation facilities and cleanliness. The HRM Students of Arellano University. The findings of this study can serve as a valuable addition to the pool of research materials available in the university, serving as a reference material for those wanting to conduct similar studies in the future. The Researchers. Not only will the researchers gain substantial information through this study, but they will also partially fulfil the subject requirements for their course. RESEARCH METHOD USED: Research Method Used: Descriptive Method of Research Respondents: 45 respondents comprising of personnel in the Housekeeping Department of the three selected Standard Hotels within Manila. Data Gathering Instrument Used: Survey Questionnaires and Observation Survey Questionnaires will be the primary source of data for this study. The Questionnaires were divided into 2 parts. The first part revealed the demographic profile of the respondents (role in the Housekeeping Department, age, gender, civil status and highest educational attainment). The second part revealed how the respondents perceived time, motivation, interrelationship with fellow employees and other factors as an agent that hampers the effectiveness and efficiency in the implementation of Housekeeping practices. Furthermore, the second part of the questionnaire will also reveal if the Housekeeping and Accommodation standards of the industry is strictly tended for by the Standard Hotels. Upon submitting the survey forms to the hotels, the researchers had facility observations which supplemented the data derived from the survey. PROCEDURES FOR GATHERING DATA For Descriptive Research, the following steps were undertaken: 1. Researchers will look for and collect references from the University Library which will serve as a guide in the formulation of survey questionnaires. 2. An approved and signed letter asking for permission to conduct a study to the 3 selected Standard Hotels located within Manila. Submitted together with the letter are the survey questionnaires to be answered by the personnel in the Housekeeping Department and will be collected 4 days after. 3. Upon retrieval of questionnaires, the results will be tabulated, interpreted and analyzed. 4. Evaluation and Finalization How to cite Thesis: Statistical Hypothesis Testing and Standard Hotels, Papers

Culpability of an Offender-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically evaluate whether s 323(1)(d) of the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) or s 8(1) of the Criminal Code Act 1983 (NT) best addresses individual culpability in joint criminal ventures. Answer: Introduction Miller v The Queen[2016] HCA 30 is an important case that seeks to establish the test in which the courts can hold an accused liable to a criminal offence that emerges, because of the commission of another crime, that he was involved in planning and commissioning[1]. In this case, the court denoted that for an accused to be liable for such a crime, then there is a need of proofing the fact that he could foresee the possibility of the occurrence of such a crime, during the commission of the original that they participated in. Note that, the case Miller v The Queen, was brought forth to challenge a precedent that was established in McAuliffe v The Queen (1995) 183 CLR 108[2].This was a landmark case that brought forth the principles of extended criminal liability and the test that it had to pass, in case the courts was to hold another person culpable for the offence committed by the group. According to the decision established in this court, a person should be held responsible for the crimes of his group, if he foresaw the probability of the criminal activity occurring, during the time in which they were involved in planning an original crime. Note that, Miller v the Queen was a case that was brought forth, to challenge this principle. Nevertheless, the Australian High Court refused to set aside the law, in Miller v the Queen, and allowed its practice in the country. Section 323 (1) (d) of the 1958 Crimes Act requires that a prosecutor proves the foreseeability of the probability of the criminal activity happening, if a prosecution under the extended joint criminal activity has to be successful[3]. Nonetheless, the requirement by s 323 (1) (d) of the act to prove the probability of foreseeability is under criticism, due to the fact that it breaches the doctrines of common law, which requires the onus of proof to be that the accused foresaw a possibility of the crime occurring. In fact, section 8 (1) of the 1983 Criminal Code Act denotes that the onus of proof should be a possible foreseeability[4]. Therefore, the argument of this paper is that s 323 (1) (d) is not effective in addressing problems touching on the culpability of an individual in a joint criminal activity. It is the view of this paper, that the 1983 C riminal Code Act provides an effective solution and test that can help to determine the culpability of a suspect. Perceived Dangers of a Joint Criminal Venture Section 323 and section 8 of the 1983 Criminal Code Act focuses on criminal joint ventures. These ventures are very dangerous to the people who are involved in them, because of the liability that they may have in a court of law[5]. For instance, one of the perceived dangers is the occurrence of a secondary crime that was not planned. This is very dangerous to other members of the group, because they may be held liable for the criminal activity, even if, they were not present when the crime occurred. They might be charged as accessories, aiders, etc. to the criminal activity. All that the prosecution needs to proof is the fact that they could foresee the possibility of the secondary crime occurring, when they were engaged in the primary crime. This paper mainly focuses on this perceived danger, when analyzing the effectiveness of section 323 (1) (d) and section 8 (1) of the Criminal Codes Act. Section 323 (1) (d) and Culpability of an Accused Note that, the 1958 Crimes Act, section 323 (1) to section 324 is able to provide and identify the provisions of the notion of complicity. This is are statutory principles that replaces terms such as extended common purpose, counseling, abetting, etc. In fact, there are provisions that are contained in section 324C of the 1958 Crimes Act[6]. Note that, parliament was able to abolish these parts of law, basically because they were not effective and efficient in finding an accused to be culpable to a consequent criminal offence, that has resulted during the commission of another crime. While examining this concept of extended joint common purpose, section 323 (1) (d) of the 1958 Crimes Act provides a clear description on what it is. The section denotes that, the section denotes that, you can hold an accused liable, under the principles of a joint extended common purpose, if the person is able to enter into an agreement, with another person or a group, to commit a criminal activity, and he foresees the probability of another crime occurring, during the commission of the criminal activity that was occurring. On this note, the concept focuses on notion of a probable foreseeability of an offence, during the process of engaging in a planned criminal activity. This notion of a foreseeable probability is controversial, and it is one of the reasons that made this statute to be less effective in finding out whether an individual is culpable of a criminal activity or not. In fact, section 323 (1) (d) has replaced these notions of extended common purpose, with other new methods of ascertaining the liability of an accused, which are based on the principles that govern the commission of secondary offences. This is an aspect that is called derivative liability, and it is found in s 324 of the 1958 Crimes Act, which has been responsible for replacing section 323. Under this principle of derivative liability, the concept of complicity can only be proved; if a secondary crime has been committed. Moreover, the burden of prove still remains with the prosecutor as established in the leading case law of R V Jensen (1980) VR[7]. In this case, the prosecutor should proof that the person who committed the offence actually had the intention of committing the secondary criminal offence, before holding the accused liable. This means that the court should not only concentrate in proving the foreseeability of a criminal event happening, but the prosecutor should proof that the 1 suspect had the intention of committing the secondary criminal activity, during the process of committing a crime they had planned as a group. Moreover, this is a decision that is supported in Johns v the Queen (1980) 143 CLR 108[8]. In this case, the court held that an accessory will have the same responsibility as the primary offender, in case the prosecution is able to proof the fact that he and the primary offender were in contemplation of committing the secondary crime, and it was foreseeable, and the crime was committed out of intention. Moreover, in this case, the court introduces the term contemplation. In the view of the court, this was a possibility that the secondary crime would be committed by the primary offender, since it was foreseen as a possibility: when they were planning to commit the original crime. From this case law and statute, it is possible to assert that the court was criticizing the use of a probable foreseeability as a test for proving complicity. Basing on these facts, it is possible to assert that s 323 (1) (d) of the 1958 Crimes Act is not effective in addressing the culpability of an accuser to an extended common purpose criminal activity[9]. This is basically because it is not aligned to the doctrines that are established under the common law principles, that establishes the test of proof to be on the foreseeable possibility of a crime occurring. Now, the question to ask is whether the 1983 Criminal Code Act is effective in addressing issues touching on the culpability of an accuse to be complicit in a criminal activity. The Criminal Code Act and Culpability of an Offender Section 8 (1) of the criminal code act of 1983 provides a test in which the courts can hold a person liable or culpable for a secondary offence under a crime that is committed by a group. For instance, the section denotes that, if 2 or more people come together, with the common intention of engaging in unlawful activity, and while in the process of engaging in such an activity, a secondary crime occurs, then, each of the people who have engaged in the criminal activity will be held responsible for the offence, unless, they are able to prove the fact that they did not foresee the possibility of the secondary criminal activity occurring. This is a radical change to the provisions contained in s 323 (1) (d) of the 1958 Crimes Act, which recognizes the principles of foreseeable probability and places the onus of proving it to the prosecutor. However, the onus of proving that the accused did not foresee the possibility of the secondary act occurring is on the suspect, this is in accordanc e to the 1983 Criminal Code Act. Section 8 (1) of the Criminal Code Act is supported by a number of common law principles. A good example is Giorgianni v R (1985) 156[10]. In this case, the court was able to establish that an accused can be held liable for the offences of a primary accuser, if he foresaw the possibility of the crime occurring. However, in this case, the court established a test of a possible foreseeability. In the ruling of the court, for an individual to be held culpable for the crime of a primary offender, there is a need of proving the fact that he was aware of all the circumstances that will emerge during the commission of a primary offence, and he was on a sound mind. R v Stokes Difford (1990) is an important case law that provides the importance of examining the mental capability and condition of a secondary offender, during the process of planning the crime[11]. Note that, while examining the mental condition of the secondary offender, he must prove that he had no intention of participating in the principal offence, thus he did not have the essential facts and information about the primary crime that occurred. Basing on these facts, it is possible to assert that by establishing the burden of proof to be on a foreseeable possibility, and putting the onus of proof to a suspect, the Criminal Code Act is very effective and efficient in determining the culpability of a suspect, in a secondary criminal activity. Consistency of Reversing the Onus of Proof One of the most important common law principles on the burden of proof is that the prosecutor should proof beyond reasonable doubt that an accused is guilty of a crime. This is a principle that was first established in Woolmington v DPP[1935] UKHL 1, where the courts ruled that a person is first presumed innocent, until the prosecutor is able to proof beyond reasonable doubt that he is guilty of an offence[12]. On this note, the House of Lords in this case denoted that the presumption of proof to a suspect is an important individual right that cannot be removed from the suspect. Note that, this notion of burden of proof laying on the state, manages to create a relationship between an individual and the state, and the aim is to ensure that an innocent civilian is not jailed. On this note, placing the burden of proof to a suspect is not consistent to the common law principles that are established by Woolmington v DPP, and other similar cases. Nonetheless, in Williamson v Ah[1926] HCA 46, Justice Isaac was able to rule that reversing the burden of proof may be justifiable in certain circumstances[13]. While ruling on this issue, the judge explained that it is a person who comes up with an affirmation of an issue, who should then prove it. Section 8 (1) of the 1983 Criminal Code Act places the burden of proof to a suspect, in regarding proving that he was not able to foresee the possibility of a secondary crime happening. This is an assertion that an accused can make, while defending himself against the accusation of a secondary offence carried out by a group. Thus, as per the principles established in Williamson v Ah, there is a balance between the personal liberty of a suspect and the sovereignty of a state, when such a person is a suspect is allowed to proof his case, in such circumstances. Conclusion Finally, the Criminal Code Act is the best law that is able to determine the culpability of a suspect who have engaged in a joint criminal activity. This is in regard to the occurrence of a secondary crime during the process of carrying out the primary crime. Moreover, the principles established in this case law is supported by a number of common law doctrines that places the burden of proof to a suspect, when it comes to proving the foreseeability of possibilities. It is because of the weaknesses of s 323 of the 1958 Crimes Act, that parliament was able to repel and replace the sections. The sections were replaced in a manner that, to convict an accessory to a secondary crime, there is a need of looking at other factors such as the intention of the primary offender during the commission of the secondary crime, and a foreseeability of possibilities. Bibliography Cases Giorgianni v R (1985) 156 Johns v the Queen (1980) 143 CLR 108 McAuliffe v The Queen (1995) 183 CLR 108 Miller v The Queen[2016] HCA 30 R V Jensen (1980) VR R v Stokes Difford (1990) Williamson v Ah[1926] HCA 46Woolmington v DPP[1935] UKHL 1 Laws Crimes Act s 324Crimes Act 1958 s 323 (1) (d)Criminal Code Act 1983 (8)Criminal Code Act Section 1983 (8) (1) Miller v The Queen [2016] HCA 30 McAuliffe v The Queen (1995) 183 CLR 108 958 Crimes Act section 323 (1) (d) Criminal Code Act Section 1983 (8) (1) Criminal Code Act 1983 (8) Crimes Act s 324 R V Jensen (1980) VR Johns v the Queen (1980) 143 CLR 108 Crimes Act 1958 s 323 (1) (d) Giorgianni v R (1985) 156 R v Stokes Difford (1990) Woolmington v DPP[1935] UKHL 1 Williamson v Ah[1926] HCA 4